unit operasi bioproses (uob) filedasar-dasar perpindahan momentum viskositas dan macam-macam fluida,...
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UNIT OPERASI BIOPROSES (UOB)
TPE4211
YUSRON SUGIARTO KULIAH 2
MATERI KULIAH No Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan Waktu
(Jam)
1. Pengantar 2. Satuan dimensi 2 x 50
3. Pengantar dasar-dasar teknik Sistem satuan, dimensi dan konversi
Pernyataan suhu dan komposisi
Hukum gas ideal dan tekanan uap
Konservasi massa dan neraca massa
Konservasi energi dan neraca energi
2 x 50
4. Neraca massa 2 x 50
5. Neraca energi 2 x 50
6. Dasar-dasar perpindahan momentum Viskositas dan macam-macam fluida, fluida statis, aliran fluida, tipe aliran dan faktor gesekan
2 x 50
7. Lanjutan Pengukuran aliran fluida, kebutuhan tenaga untuk aliran, persamaan Bernoilli dan penerapannya
2 x 50
Unit Conversions
MEASUREMENT
Today's Objectives
1) Importance of unit conversions
2) Parts of a measurement
3) Units in equations
4) Documenting unit conversions
Are Units important?
3
Are Units important?
"The 'root cause' of the loss of the spacecraft was the failed translation of English units into metric units in a segment of ground-based, navigation-related mission software, as NASA has previously announced," said Arthur Stephenson, chairman of the Mars Climate Orbiter Mission Failure Investigation Board. "The failure review board has identified other significant factors that allowed this error to be born, and then let it linger and propagate to the point where it resulted in a major error in our understanding of the spacecraft's path as it approached Mars."
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/orbiter/
Dimensions Dimensions are concepts of measurement in
engineering works. The basic dimensions we are familiar with are length, mass, temperature and time.
Other dimensions are called derived dimensions,
because they are derived from the basic dimensions. The common derived dimensions are force, pressure, energy, concentration, etc.
Dimension Symbol
Length
Mass
time
force
electric current
absolute temperature
luminous intensity
[L]
[M]
[T]
[F]
[A]
[q]
[/]
Dimensions
Relation between basic and derived dimensions
Time
Length
Mass Area
Volume Volume
Flow Rate
Density
Mass Flow Rate
Velocity
Acceleration Force
Units Units are the means of expressing the dimensions such as metre(m) for length, kilogram(kg) for mass, degree Celcius(˚C) for temperature and second(s) for time.
Derived units are those that can be developed in terms of fundamental units such as Newton(N) for force, Pascal(Pa) for pressure, Joules(J) for energy and Molar(M) for concentration.
Fundamental Dimension Base Unit
time
electric current
absolute temperature
luminous intensity
amount of substance
second (s)
ampere (A)
kelvin (K)
candela (cd)
mole (mol)
Base Units
Fundamental Dimension Base Unit
length [L]
mass [M]
time [T]
electric current [A]
absolute temperature [q]
luminous intensity [l] amount of substance [n]
meter (m)
kilogram (kg)
second (s)
ampere (A)
kelvin (K)
candela (cd)
mole (mol)
The International System of Units (SI)
Dimensions Units Symbols for units
Length foot ft Mass pound mass lbm
Time second, minute, hour, day s, min, hr, day
Temperature degree Rankine or degree
Fharenheit
R or F
Force pound force lbf
Molar amount pound mole lb mol Energy British thermal unit Btu
Power horsepower hp
Density pound mass per cubic foot lbm/ft3
Velocity feet per second ft/s Acceleration feet per second squared ft/s2
Pressure pound force per square inch psi
Heat Capacity Btu per pound mass per degree F Btu/lbm F
Common Dimensions and Units (AE)
Common Dimensions and Units (SI)
Dimensions Units Symbols for units
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s Temperature Kelvin K
Force Newton N
Molar amount mole mol
Energy Joule J Power Watt W
Density kilogram per cubic metre Kg/m3
Velocity metre per second m/s Acceleration metre per second squared m/s2
Pressure Pascal Pa
Heat Capacity Joule per kilogram Kelvin J/kg K
MEASUREMENTS There are different types of measurements that can be made in
the laboratory like mass, time, volume, and length.
These measurements can be made using either the metric system or the English system. The metric system is based on increments of 10.
1 base = 100 centibases “c” = centi
1 base = 1000 millibases “m” = milli 1 kbase = 1000 bases
1 base = 106 microbases “m” = micro k = kilo
1 base = 109 nanobases “n” = nano
The first step to understanding measurements is to learn the types, symbols, & units associated with these measurements.
MEASUREMENTS • There are different
types of measurements that can be made in the lab for length, mass, volume, temperature, area, time, heat and pressure.
Unit Metric English
Length Meter (m) Inches (in) or Feet
(ft)
Mass Gram (g) Pounds (lb)
Volume Liters (L) Gallon (gal)
Temperature Celsius (°C) and
Kelvin (K)
Fahrenheit (°F)
Area Square meters (m2) Square feet (ft2)
Time Seconds (s) Minutes (min) or
Hours (hr)
Heat Calories (cal) or
Joules (J)
British Thermal
Units (BTU)
Pressure Atmospheres (atm),
Torr, or mmHg
Pounds/sq in (lb/in2)
International System of Units (SI) Fundamental
Dimensions: Derived Dimensions:
Length = m Force = N (newton) = kg*m/s2
Mass = kg Energy = J (joule) = N*m
Time = s Power = W (watt) = J/s
SI prefixes listed in table need to have prefixes with a memorized for exams!!!
Derived Dimension 1. Force (F)
In English system, “1 lbf is a force required to accelerate a mass of 32.174 lbm at a rate of 1 ft/s2”
or 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft/s2
In SI, “1 N is a force required to accelerate a mass of 1 kg at a rate of 1 m/s2”
or 1 N = 1 kg m/s2
From the definition F = ma
When F = force, m = mass, and a = acceleration
Then, F = m(kg) x a(m/s2)
F(kg m/s2) While the definition of 1N is the movement of 1 kg-mass with the acceleration of 1 m/s2
Hence, 1 N = 1 kg m/s2
Derived Dimension 2. Pressure (P)
Pressure is a force exerted by fluid per unit area
Or P = F/A
SI; Unit of pressure is Pascal (1 Pa =N/m2)
English; Unit of pressure is psi, (1 psi = 1lbf/in2)
From the definition P = F/A
When
P = pressure, F = force, and A= cross-sectional area
Therefore,
P = F(N)/A(m2)= F(kg m/s2 )/(A (m2)
P (kg/m s2)
Or P (Pascal) since
1 Pa = 1 kg/m s2
Pascal is usually used as a common unit for pressure.
A. SI Prefix Conversions 1. Find the difference between the exponents of
the two prefixes.
2. Move the decimal that many places.
To the left
or right?
A. SI Prefix Conversions
mega- M 106
deci- d 10-1
centi- c 10-2
milli- m 10-3
Prefix Symbol Factor
micro- 10-6
nano- n 10-9
pico- p 10-12
kilo- k 103
mo
ve
le
ft
mo
ve
rig
ht BASE UNIT --- 100
A. SI Prefix Conversions
1) 20 cm = ______________ m
2) 0.032 L = ______________ mL
3) 45 m = ______________ nm
4) 805 dm = ______________ km
0.2
0.0805
45,000
32
=
A. SI Prefix Conversions
NUMBER UNIT NUMBER
UNIT
532 m = _______ km 0.532
3
3
cm
gcm
B. Dimensional Analysis
• The “Factor-Label” Method – Units, or “labels” are canceled, or “factored” out
g
Converting units • Factor label method
•Regardless of conversion, keeping track of units makes things come out right
•Must use conversion factors • - The relationship between two units
•Canceling out units is a way of checking that your calculation is set up right!
B. Dimensional Analysis
• Steps:
1. Identify starting & ending units.
2. Line up conversion factors so units cancel.
3. Multiply all top numbers & divide by each bottom number.
4. Check units & answer.
Common conversion factors • English Factor
– 1 gallon = 4 quarts 4 qt/gal or 1gal/4 qt – 1 mile = 5280 feet 5280 ft/mile or 1 mile/5280 ft – 1 ton = 2000 pounds 2000 lb/ton or 1 ton/2000 lb
• Common English to Metric • 1 liter = 1.057 quarts 1.057 qt/L or 1 L/1.057 qt
or 0.946 L/qt • 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 2.2 lb/kg or 1 kg/2.2 lb • or 0.454 kg/lb • 1 meter = 1.094 yards 1.094 yd/m or 1m/1.094 yd • or 0.917m/yd • 1 inch = 2.54 cm 2.54 cm/inch or 1 in/2.54 cm
MEASUREMENTS TEMPERATURE • A physical property of matter that determines the
direction of heat flow.
• Temperature is measured with a thermometer.
Measured on three scales.
Fahrenheit oF oF = (1.8 oC) + 32
Celsius oC oC = (oF - 32)/1.8
Kelvin K K = oC + 273.15
31
Temperature Exercise
• You take water from the faucet (80 oF) and bring it to a boil on the stove.
• What is the temperature change in oC?
• What is the initial temperature in oC?
32
Solution • For the temperature change, the best
solution process is to use degree equivalents
C deg 3.73
F deg )80212(
C deg
F deg 8.1
C deg 1
x
x
33
Solution
• For the temperature value we use temperature conversion:
oC = (5/9)*(80 - 32) = 26.7 oC
B. Dimensional Analysis • Lining up conversion factors:
1 in = 2.54 cm
2.54 cm 2.54 cm
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 in 1 in
= 1
1 =
Line Mole Method
• Process to convert from one unit to another
• Example: Convert 3.00 m to inch:
? = 3.00 m 100 cm 1 in 1 m 2.54 cm
ANSWER = 118 in
5
Line Mole Method
• Process to convert from one unit to another
• Example: Convert 3.00 m/s to m/hr:
? = 3.00 m 60 s 60 min s min hr
ANSWER = 10,800 m/hr
Example Metric conversion
mgg
mg
kg
gkg
mgg
gkg
000,000,11000
1
10001
10001
10001
How many milligrams are in a kilogram?
B. Dimensional Analysis • How many milliliters are in 1.00 quart of milk?
1.00 qt 1 L
1.057 qt = 946 mL
qt mL
1000 mL
1 L
B. Dimensional Analysis • You have 1.5 pounds of gold. Find its volume in
cm3 if the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3.
lb cm3
1.5 lb 1 kg
2.2 lb = 35 cm3
1000 g
1 kg
1 cm3
19.3 g
B. Dimensional Analysis • How many liters of water would fill a container
that measures 75.0 in3?
75.0 in3 (2.543 cm3)
(1 in)3 = 1.23 L
in3 L
1 L
1000 cm3
B. Dimensional Analysis 5) Your European hairdresser wants to cut your
hair 8.0 cm shorter. How many inches will he be cutting off?
8.0 cm 1 in
2.54 cm
= 3.1 in
cm in
B. Dimensional Analysis 6) Taft football needs 550 cm for a 1st down.
How many yards is this?
550 cm 1 in
2.54 cm = 6.0 yd
cm yd
1 ft
12 in
1 yd
3 ft
1ft=12 in, 1yd=3ft
B. Dimensional Analysis 7) A piece of wire is 1.3 m long. How many 1.5 cm
pieces can be cut from this wire? 1piece=1.5cm
1.3 m 100 cm
1 m = 86 pieces
m pieces
1 piece
1.5 cm
Converting Area and Volume Caution: Make sure the units cancel
Area: 150 ft2 to yd2
150 ft2 1 yd 1 yd 150 ft2 (10)2 yd2 OR 3 ft 3 ft (3)2 ft2
Volume: 12 ft3 to Liters
12 ft3 (12)3 in3 (2.54)3 cm3 (1)3 m3 1000 L (1)3 ft3 (1)3 in3 (100)3 cm3 1 m3
Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example
Problem: The permeability of sand is 1.0x10-4cm/s. If a chemical herbicide is dumped on a sandy soil, how long (in hours) will it take for the contaminant to reach the well 150 feet away.
Permeability of Sand = 1.0x10-4 cm/s t = Time (hours) 1.0x10-4 cm/s = __?__ ft/hr
Chemical Herbicide Spill Factor Label Method - Example
Theory: Permeability = Distance/Time
Assumptions: Sand has constant permeability in area Herbicide moves per permeability of sand
Solution: 10-4 cm s
11
Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example Theory:
Permeability = Distance/Time Assumptions:
Sand has constant permeability in area Herbicide moves per permeability of sand
Solution: 1.0x10-4 cm 1 in 1 ft 60 s 60 min
s 2.54 cm 12 in 1 min 1 hr = 0.011811 ft/hr
12
Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example Solution: Permeability = 0.011811 ft/hr Time = Distance / Permeability t = 150 ft OR t = 150 ft hr
0.011811 ft/hr 0.011811 ft t = 12700 hours = 13000 hours
How many years is that? t = 12700 hr 1 day 1 yr = 1.4 yr
24 hr 365 day
As an individual, solve... Water Tower Problem Problem Statement:
• Your home town is growing so rapidly that another water tower is necessary to meet the needs of the community. Civil and environmental engineers predict that the water tower will need to hold 1.00 x 10.06 kilograms of water. The engineers also estimate the density of the water to be 999 kilograms per cubic meter.
• If this tower is 50.0 meters high and spherical, what volume (gal) of water will the tower hold and what will the diameter (ft) of the tower have to be?
14
Diagram: mass of water = 1.00 x 106 kg
density of water = 999 kg/m3
tower height = 50.0 m
? volume of water (L)
? diameter (ft)
Theory: 4 Volume of a sphere r3
3
diameter 2 r 23 3 V
www.algonquin.org/pw.htm
4
Assumptions: tower is spherical
THANK YOU...
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