sistem batuan ting 4

BATUAN IGNEUS

BATUAN ENAPAN

BATU METAMORFORISIS

Terjadi akibat PENYEJUKAN Dan PEMEJALAN

magma dan lavaDari

MANTEL

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/IgAlphabetical.htmhttp://geology.com/rocks

tidak berlapistidak berlapis

tidak mempunyai fosiltidak mempunyai fosil

•keras•keras

•berbentuk hablur•berbentuk hablur

CIRI-CIRI

2 JENIS

BATUAN REJAHAN (DALAM KERAK BUMI)BATUAN TEROBOSAN (LUAR KERAK)

BATUAN REJAHAN (BEKU DALAM KERAK BUMI)

CTH; SIL, DAIK, PAKOLIT, LAKOLIT,

BATOLITH, GRANIT, BASALT

BATUAN TEROBOSAN (BEKU DI LUAR KERAK BUMI)

CTH GABRO,PUMIS, OBSIDIEN

Andesite is a fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase with other minerals such as hornblende, pyroxene and biotite.

Minerals too small to identify (except phenocrysts). Composition will be from the top of Bowen's Reaction series (i.e. mafic) and we would expect Ca plagioclase, pyroxene, and perhaps some olivine. Note that these minerals are present in this specimen, just too small to see.

 A mafic igneous rock from the top of Bowen's Reaction Series. Typically dark colored, although weathered specimens can appear quite light, or reddish.      Olivine is sometime present as phenocrysts but is not essential. And although this specimen does not show it, vesicular (cellular) varieties are quite common, and these grade completely into scoria.

Amphibole often presentOlivine - absent to trace

A mafic igneous rock from the top of Bowen's Reaction Series. Typically dark colored with a mixture of dark gray calcium plagioclase and dark colored (dark green to black; dull; not showing good cleavage) pyroxene. Although the plagioclase may be dark gray it can also be light gray (as in this specimen) or even white. What is critical here is the prominence of pyroxene from the top of Bowen's Reaction series, although it may be mixed with amphibole.      Olivine is sometime present but is not essential.

Typical MineralsVolcanic Glass. Obsidian has cooled too quickly for minerals to form. Chemical composition, however, will be from the bottom of Bowen's Reaction series (i.e. felsic).

Description     We typically associate obsidian with very black, shiny, glassy, with conchoidal fracture (smooth curved breaks, often with concentric ridges.) This specimen is the less common red variety.     The fact that this is glass means it has no minerals because it cooled too quickly for them to form. The glass is opaque because it is "dirty" filled with inclusions and a lot of chemical elements.

Typical MineralsVolcanic Glass. Pumice has cooled too quickly for minerals to form. Chemical composition, however, will be from the bottom of Bowen's Reaction series (i.e. felsic).

Detail Description     Pumice is a vesicular, foamy, very light weight, light colored rock formed by abundant, rapid gas escape during formation. It is often a pyroclastic product.

pumis

Minerals too small to identify (except phenocrysts). Composition will be from bottom of Bowen's Reaction series (i.e. felsic).

In this detail no crystals can be seen (except for a few small fragments) indicating the rapid cooling history of this rock. For comparison look at this alkali granite (magnified about the same - see penny) where the crystals are clear and obvious (hit the "Back" button to get back here.)

Riolite

Terjadi akibat PEMENDAPAN SEDIMEN

DariSERPIHAN BATUAN, TUMBUHAN

DAN HAIWAN (FOSIL)

http://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml

berlapis-lapisberlapis-lapis

mengandungi fosilmengandungi fosil

CIRI-CIRI

3 JENIS

ORGANIK KLASTIK KIMIA

Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together.

Limestone Breccia:

Chert Breccia

These breccias are used as architectural stones for interior building veneers, tiles, window sills and other decorative applications

Bresia

Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms mainly from plant debris.

Lignite

The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across. It is made up of chert and limestone clasts bound in a matrix of sand and clay.

used as an ornamental stone for interior use.

Jasper Conglomerate

http://geology.com/rocks/conglomerate.shtml

Kongl0merate

Limestone used as a construction material. It is used as a crushed stone for road base and railroad ballast. It is used as an aggregate in concrete. It is fired in a kiln with crushed shale to make cement.

Some limestones can form by direct precipitation of calcium carbonate from marine or fresh water.

Batu kapur

Rock Saltuse in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some halite is processed for use as a seasoning for food.

forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters

Garam batu

Sandstone

Environments where large amounts of sand can accumulate include beaches, deserts, flood plains and deltas.

Batu pasir

Terjadi akibat TEKANAN DAN SUHU TINGGI Dalam bumi berpunca dari

BATUAN IGNEUS DAN ENAPAN•licin•licin

•tidak telapair•tidak telapair

CIRI-CIRI

2 JENISBERJALURTIDAK BERJALUR

Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.

same composition as granite.

Used as facing stone on buildings.

Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate.

marmar

•kuarzit•kuarzit•kuarzit•kuarzit

kuarzitused as floor tiles or tile

sumber petroleum, gas asli dan arang batu sebagai sumber tenaga -petroleum, gas asli dan arang batu

sumber pendapatan negara- jualan mamar dan batuan ke negara jiran

bahan mentah industri besi dan keluli - arang batu digunakakan untuk mencair bijih besi

bahan mentah industri simen dan konkrit - batu kapur

menghasilkan baja, ubat-ubatan dan pelbagai jenis bahan kimia seperti garam batuan, gipsum, nitrat dan

fosfat

bahan mentah industri pembinaan dan membuat kaca - pasir

pelancongan – pandang darat kars di gua batu kapur

Pembinaan bangunan (batu granit, mamar, gneis)

Membina jalan raya (granit) , tembok, benteng (elak tanah runtuh)

Bahan perhiasan (berlian) dan cari gali petroleum ( mata gerudi dari berlian)

KEJADIAN BATUAN