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THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET
GARDEN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI
Student Number: 104214071
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA2015
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THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET
GARDEN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI
Student Number: 104214071
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA2015
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES O1\ THE YORKSHIREDIALBCT AS SEEi\ IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET
GARDEN
June 19,2015
r{'pJune 19,2015Anna Fitriati. S.Pd.. M.Hum.
Co-Advisor
lll
STEVANY DY ILAKANDHI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OI{ THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET
GARDEN
ByBRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI
Student Number: 1 0421 407 1
Defended before the Board of ExaminersOn 28 July 201 5
and Declared Accentable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name
Chairperson
Secretary
Member i
Member 2
Member 3 Anna Fitriati. S.Pd.. M. Hum.
Yogyakarla, 31 July 2015Facultv of Letters
tv
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAHLNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Brigita Stevany Dyah NilakandhiNomor Mahasiswa : 104214071
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET
GARDEN
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikankepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkandalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di intemet atau medialain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupunmemberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagaipenulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya br-rat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta,Pada tanssal l9 Juni 2015
Yang menyatakan,
tl I
[/[A 'l/Brigita Stevany Dyah Nilakandhi
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text ofthe undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, June 19, 2015
\H l^
\wzBrigita r*In, Dyah Nilakandhi
VI
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"Expect nothing and you’ll be surprised by
something."
~unknown
"Keep your face to the sunshine andyou cannot see the shadow. It's whatsunflowers do."
~ Helen Keller
"If I were a flower I would be a sunflower. Toalways follow the sun, turn my back todarkness, stand proud, tall and straight evenwith my head full of seeds."
~Pam Stewart
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Dedicated to
My Beloved Parents,
And my lovely Sisters and Brother
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I want to thank God for all blessings that He gives me, so I can
finish my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to say my gratitude to my thesis
advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. who had patiently guided me in writing my thesis,
supported me, and given her time to improve my thesis. I thank my co-advisor, Anna
Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for all suggestions that are given to me so I can improve my
analysis. I thank my examiner Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for giving me a lot of
suggestions in my thesis defense. I thank all lecturers in English Letters Department
of Sanata Dharma University, especially to my academic advisor, Adventina Putranti,
S.S who always helps me as a student in English Letters Department.
My big thanks are also dedicated to my beloved parents, Petrus Pras Anggono
and Atik Purwaningsih who always pray for me and give me big supports to finish
my study. I also want to thank my sisters, Monica Claudia Debby Indira and Regina
Gracia Sonyaruri, and my brother, Andreas Kevin Anggriawan, who also always give
me a lot of supports and cheer me up. I hope that this thesis can make them proud to
have me as their family. I also want to dedicate my big thank to my dearest Iwan
Stefanus Sanjaya for always loving me, giving me a lot of supports, accompanying
me, cheering me up when I am down, and patiently hearing all my emotions and
problems. Thanks for the togetherness that we share.
The last but not least, I also would like to thank my friends who help me
during my study. First of all, I thank my friends of you C 2010, especially Atika, Tya,
Iche, Winda, Dea, Kory, and Ray who always accompany me for these five years.
Thanks for comforting me when I am sad and always beside me when I am happy. I
also would like to thank mbak Kika and mbak Ursula, who had been my partners
when I worked at library of Sanata Dharma University. Thanks for always giving me
a lot of supports.
Brigita Stevany Dyah Nilakandhi.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………….. ii
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………………... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………………….. iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ……. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………………….. vi
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………………. vii
DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………………….. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………....... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………… x
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………... xiii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. xiv
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………………... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………….. 1
A. Background of the Study …………………………………………………. 1B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………... 4C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………... 4D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………. 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………….. 6
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………….. 6B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………........ 9
1. Theory of Sociolinguistics …………………………………………… 9a. Language, dialect, and Standard ………………………………..... 9b. Regional Dialect and Social Dialect …………………………….. 10
i. Regional Dialect ………………………………………… 10ii. Social Dialect …………………………………………… 11
c. Ethnography of Communication ………………………………... 11i. Setting and Scene ……………………………………….. 12ii. Participants ……………………………………………… 12iii. Ends ……………………………………………………... 12iv. Act Sequence ……………………………………………. 12
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v. Key ……………………………………………………… 12vi. Instrumentalities ………………………………………… 12vii. Norms of interaction and interpretation ………………… 12viii. Genre ……………………………………………………. 12
d. Language Variation ……………………………………………... 13e. Solidarity and Politeness ………………………………………... 13
i. Tu and Vous ……………………………………………... 14ii. Address Terms …………………………………………... 15
2. Theory of Syntax ……………………………………………………. 15a. Part of Speech …………………………………………………… 15
i. Pronouns ………………………………………………… 15ii. Adjective ………………………………………………... 16iii. Inflection of Verbs ……………………………………… 16iv. Adverbs …………………………………………………. 20
b. Agreement between subject and predicate ……………………… 20The use of suffix –s or –es ………………………………………. 21
c. Emphatic Tags …………………………………………………... 21d. No and none ……………………………………………………... 22e. Possessive’s ……………………………………………………... 22f. Article …………………………………………………………… 22g. There …………………………………………………………….. 23h. Sentence …………………………………………………………. 23
i. Parallel Structure ………………………………………... 24ii. Question ………………………………………………… 25
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………. 25
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………… 27
A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………………… 27B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………………... 29C. Method of the Study …………………………………………………….. 29
1. Data Collection ……………………………………………………… 292. Data Analysis ……………………………………………………….. 31
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSION) ………………… 36
A. Analysis of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire dialect used byMartha and Ben in their utterances to the children ……………………... 36
B. Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and theYorkshire dialect to the children ……………….……………………….. 57
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………………… 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………. 71
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APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………... 74
Appendix 1: Martha’s utterances to Mary and Colin ……………………..... 74
Appendix 2: Ben’s utterances to Mary and Colin ………………………… 104
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. List of Pronoun ………………………………………………………….. 15
Table 2. Tenses ……………………………………………………………………. 17
Table 3. The Simple Tenses ………………………………………………………. 18
Table 4. The Progressive Tenses …………………………………………………. 18
Table 5. The Perfect Tenses …………………………………………………….... 19
Table 6. The Perfect Progressive Tenses ………………………………………... 19
Table 7. Conditional Sentence …………………………………………………...... 20
Table 8. Number of Martha’s and Ben’s Utterances …………............................ 28
Table 9. Number of Utterances of Standard and Non Standard Used by Marthaand Ben ………………………………………………............................................. 29
Table 10. Utterances Spoken by Martha and Ben to Mary and Colin ………... 31
Table 11. The Example of Martha’s Utterances ………………………………... 31
Table 12. The Example of Ben’s Utterances …………………………………….. 31
Table 13. The Example of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectUsed by Martha and Ben in Their utterances to the Children ………………… 33
Table 14. The Example of List of the Common Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect Spoken by Martha and Ben …………………………………. 34
Table 15. The Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect Used by Marthaand Ben in Their Utterances to the Children ………………………………….... 36
Table 16. List of the Common Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectSpoken by Martha and Ben …………………………………….………………... 46
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ABSTRACT
NILAKANDHI, BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH. The Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect as Seen in Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden. Yogyakarta:Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.
English as a language has a variety that is called dialect. Yorkshire is oneexample of English dialects. In The Secret Garden novel, the characters who live inMisselthwaite Manor such as Martha and Ben speak the Yorkshire dialect.
There are two problems formulated in this study. Those problems are thegrammatical features on the dialect used by Martha and Ben in their utterances to thechildren and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and theYorkshire dialect to the children.
The Yorkshire dialect spoken by Martha and Ben is compared with the theoryof Standard English made by linguistics experts. The grammatical features aredivided into nouns and pronouns; verb and auxiliaries; word order; article;prepositions, conjunctions, and adverb; negatives; and vocabulary. On the other sides,Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the Yorkshire dialectto Mary and Colin are shown by showing Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Maryand Colin.
The writer finds out 35 grammatical features used by Martha and Ben. It isseen that Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect more than Ben since Martha is anuntrained housemaid. The writer also finds out two reasons of Martha and Ben ofspeaking Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin which aresolidarity and politeness. Martha and Ben use the Yorkshire dialect to Mary andColin to show solidarity since they are close enough and feel the same one to another.On the other hand, Martha and Ben use Standard English to Mary and Colin to showpoliteness since they have lower social status than Mary and Colin who are theiremployer.
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ABSTRAK
NILAKANDHI, BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH. The Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect as Seen in Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden. Yogyakarta:Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa memiliki variasi yang disebut dialek. Yorkshiremerupakan salah satu dialek Inggris. Di novel The Secret Garden, karakter yangtinggal di Misselthwaite Manor seperti Martha dan Ben menggunakan dialekYorkshire.
Dalam studi ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah. Dua rumusan masalah tersebutadalah fitur tata bahasa dialek Yorkshire yang dipakai oleh Martha dan Ben dalamsemua ucapan mereka pada anak-anak serta alasan Martha dan Ben dalammenggunakan dialek Inggris standar dan dialek Yorkshire pada anak-anak.
Dialek Yorkshire yang digunakan Martha dan Ben akan dibandingkan denganteori bahasa inggris standar dari para ahli bahasa. Fitur tata bahasa dibagi menjadi 7seperti kata benda dan kata ganti orang; kata kerja dan kata kerja bantu; susunan kata;artikel; preposisi, kata hubung, kata keterangan; kata negatif, dan kosakata. Di sisilain, alasan Martha dan Ben dalam menggunakan dialek Inggris standar dan dialekYorkshire pada Mary and Colin ditunjukkan dengan melihat hubungan Martha danBen dengan Mary dan Colin.
Penulis menemukan 35 fitur tata bahasa yang digunakan oleh Martha danBen. Martha menggunakan dialek Yorkshire lebih banyak dibanding Ben karenaMartha hanya seorang pembantu rumah tangga yang tidak terlatih. Penulis jugamenemukan dua alasan Martha dan Ben dalam menggunakan dialek Inggris standardan dialek Yorkshire pada Mary dan Colin yaitu solidaritas dan kesopanan. Marthadan Ben menggunakan dialek Yorkshire untuk menunjukkan solidaritas karenahubungan mereka dekat dan berpola pikir sama. Martha dan Ben menggunakan dialekInggris standar untuk menunjukkan kesopanan karena mereka mempunyai statussosial yang lebih rendah dibanding Mary dan Colin yang merupakan atasan mereka.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Every country in this world has a variety of language that is usually called as
dialect. Dialect can be used both for local varieties of English and for various types of
informal, lower class, or rural speech. Dialect can also contain the speech of people
from different regions (Wardhaugh, 2010: 25). England, for instance, as a big country
also has many regional dialects such as Northern, Scotland, North-East, South-East
and Yorkshire.
People from the South of England may speak of the Yorkshire dialect (as
Frances Hodgson-Burnett does in The Secret Garden). Yorkshire is a dialect that has
a number of sub-dialects (www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/britishisles, March 12,
2014).
The Secret Garden novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett has a setting in a town
named Misselthwaite Manor. In The Secret Garden, it is stated that the characters
who live in Misselthwaite Manor speak the Yorkshire dialect.
The station was a small one and nobody but themselves seemed to be gettingout the train. The station-master spoke to Mrs. Medlock in a rough, good-natured way, pronouncing his words on a queer broad fashion which Maryfound out afterward was Yorkshire. (Burnett, 1998:20)
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Based on An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, it is stated that dialect
does not have negative connotations. Dialect is just a variety of language among
people to communicate. Sometimes dialect can be said as nonstandard dialect but it
has different meaning with substandard. (Fasold and Connor-Linton, 2006: 312)
The pattern of the dialect can be described from the lexical variation,
phonological variation, syntax variation, and also discourse variation (Fasold and
Connor-Linton, 2006: 310). This study will focus more on discussing syntax variation
and will show the grammar pattern on the Yorkshire dialect.
The writer chooses to explain Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children.
The characters of children in The Secret Garden are Mary, Colin, and Dickon. In fact,
Martha and Ben do not talk directly to Dickon. In the novel, Martha and Ben are
stated as lower class people.
Martha is a Yorkshire girl who works as a housemaid in Mr. Archibald
Craven’shouse.
“I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An' she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do thehousemaid's work up here an' wait on you a bit. But you won't need muchwaitin' on.” (Burnett, 1998: 27)
She was, however, only an untrained Yorkshire rustic who had been broughtup in a moorland cottage with a swarm of little brothers and sisters who hadnever dreamed of doing anything but waiting on themselves and on theyounger ones who were either babies in arms or just learning to totter aboutand tumble over things. (Burnett, 1998: 31)
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Besides, Ben is an old Yorkshire man who works as a gardener in Mr.
Archibald Craven’s house.
Presently an old man with a spade over his shoulder walked through the doorleading from the second garden. He looked startled when he saw Mary, andthen touched his cap. He had a surly old face, anddid not seem at all pleasedto see her—but then she was displeased with his garden and wore her "quitecontrary" expression, and certainly did not seem at all pleased to see him.(Burnett, 1998:36)
In their utterances, both Martha and Ben as main characters share both Non
Standard and Standard dialect. For example, in chapter IV of the novel, Martha said
to Mary Why doesn’t tha’ put on your own shoes. That utterance is an example of
Non Standard. In Standard English, the word tha or you does not take the word
doesn’t.
It will be interesting to discuss the Yorkshire dialect due to the fact that there
are still many people who do not know Yorkshire which is included in British dialect.
Based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children, the writer wants to show that
they are as Yorkshire people have pattern on their grammar that will distinguish the
Yorkshire dialect from other dialects.
The writer also wants to analyze the reasons behind language choice that are
used by Martha and Ben in talking to the children. Based on An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics, when people speak, they must make choices of many different
kinds: what they want to say, how they want to say it, and the specific sentence types,
words, and sounds (Wardaugh, 1992: 258). As it can be seen from The Secret Garden
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novel, Martha and Ben use both Standard English and Yorkshire dialect to talk to the
children.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to make this study better organized, the writer has set up some
questions that will be answered. The questions are:
1. What grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect are used by Martha and Ben
to the children?
2. What are Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the
Yorkshire dialect to the children?
C. Objectives of The Study
Based on two problems formulation above, there are two objectives of this
thesis. The first objective is to identify grammar’s features on the Yorkshire dialect
based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children and to find out the common
grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect spoken by Martha and Ben. The second
objective is to explain Martha’s and Ben’s reasons by using both Standard English
and the Yorkshire dialect to talk to the children.
D. Definition of Terms
In this study, the terms that will be used frequently are dialect, grammar, and
grammatical feature. The writer will give a further explanation of each term.
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Dialect is used both for local varieties of English, e.g. Yorkshire dialect, and
for various types of informal, lower class, or rural speech. (Wardaugh, 2010: 25)
Based on Finch, grammar has of a set of rules of well-formed constructions
which will be followed by native speakers. Grammar can be applied in number of
different uses and interpretations. Grammar is known as principles when the language
operates. (Finch, 2000: 20)
Grammatical feature contains a class of units such as noun and verb or
features such as number and case that share a common set of grammatical properties.
(grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammaticalcategory.htm, August 4, 2015)
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter will be divided into three parts. There are review of related studies,
review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In the first part, the studies that
have been done on the same topic or the same literary work are given. The studies
similar to this thesis are taken from Widyatmoko’s and Anthony Fox’s ones. In the
second part, some related theories that help to answer the questions mentioned in the
previous chapter are presented. In the last chapter, how the theories are applied to
answer the questions is explained.
A. Review of related Studies
1. Widyatmoko’s undergraduate thesis “English Negation as a Dialect Feature
in Tom Sawyer’s Speech in Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry
Finn”
The undergraduate thesis discusses the dialect features in negative
construction of Tom Sawyer, one of the characters of Mark Twain’s novel The
Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. In his daily life, Tom Sawyer uses Non Standard
English to talk to others. Yet, he knows Standard English by reading books.
Widyatmoko finds four negative constructions that are used by Tom Sawyer.
They are ain’t, hain’t, warn’t, and double negation. Ain’t is a negative construction of
copula + not, hain’t is a negative construction of has + not or have + not, and warn’t
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is a negative construction of was + not or were + not. Tom Sawyer uses those
negative constructions in every negative sentence. Besides, he also uses Standard
English’s negative constructions does not and do not to make double negative.
Widyatmoko also analyzes Tom Sawyer’s purpose to use language choice by
viewing the use of Tom Sawyer’s dialect feature in negative construction.
Widyatmoko finds out two purposes, feeling solidarity and showing power. It shows
that Tom Sawyer uses Non Standard English to build solidarity. In other case, Tom
Sawyer uses Standard English to influence people that have lower social class than
him.
It can be seen that although this present thesis and Widyatmoko look alike,
they are still different. This present thesis wants to analyze all of grammatical
patterns that are used by Martha and Ben Weathestaff, as characters in The Secret
Garden novel whereas Widyatmoko only analyze the pattern on negatives
construction that are used by Tom Sawyer. Another difference also lies on novels that
are used. This present thesis uses Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden whereas
Widyatmoko uses Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. However, in third
problem in this present thesis has the same topic with Widyatmoko’s. This present
thesis also wants to analyze the purpose of using language choice.
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2. Anthony Mary Fox research’s “The Controversy Goes On: Standard vs.Black Dialect”
The research discusses the black dialect that is used by black students in
American school. In their school, black students have to speak with General
American dialect. It is shown that black students sometimes have big fear since
teachers in their school always state that their language is incorrect. The writer says
that the child’s black dialect should be accepted since it has a complete grammatical
system related to the American dialect. The writer also gives patterns of black dialect
based on Ralph W. Fasold and Walt Wolfram such as “s” or “es” suffix that is not a
part of the grammar of black dialect (he do, we do, you do, they do), black children
usually say aks for ask due to the fact that blacks learn originally from the supervisor
in the field who speak a non-standard English and the use of the archaic English form
of aks for ask.
It is said that the teacher should teach black students about what Standard
English is and also how and where it differs from non-standard English. The writer
says that even though black dialect and American dialect are different, it cannot be
stated that one dialect is “right” or “wrong”.
Both this present thesis and Mary Fox’s research wants to analyze dialect. In
her research, Fox states that such dialect cannot be said as right or wrong dialect. This
present thesis also wants to analyze the Yorkshire dialect and its grammatical
patterns. The Yorkshire dialect also cannot be stated as a corrupt language. Yet, this
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present thesis is still different from Mary Fox’s research. Lord analyses black dialect
that is used by black children in American school whereas this present thesis analyzes
the Yorkshire dialect on The Secret Garden novel by Hodgson Burnett.
B. Review of Related Theories
The writer will explain some related theories to make her able to solve the
three problems mentioned in the problem formulation above. The theories that are
related to the problems are sociolinguistics and syntax.
1. Theory of Sociolinguistics
a. Language, dialects, and Standards
The term “language” is sometimes stated that it is equal with the standard
language. Standard is called as a correct language in grammar books and used in
education, workplace, and government. Since the Standard is related to education,
other varieties are called as lesser versions of the language. In fact, all varieties of
language, including those that are different from “standard” are equally complex,
patterned, and also can be used to communicate to each other. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff
Connor-Linton, 2006: 312)
Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, labeling varieties as
‘language’ or ’dialect’ is usually complicated. The term of ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ is
may be more about cultural and political issues than with linguistics. For example, in
China, the different varieties of Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin) are linguistically
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different from one another and also cannot be easy to understand (especially in
spoken form). Yet they consider speaking one language. On the other hand, Swedish
and Norwegian are considered two separate languages although they are really similar
in linguistics aspect. Many of their speakers also easily understand one another.
(Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 313)
Wardhaugh also adds that dialect is used for local varieties of English, for
example, a Yorkshire dialect, and for a various types of informal, lower-class, or rural
speech. Dialect is often related to non-standard or sub-standard when such terms are
applied to language and can imply various degrees of inferiority. That term of
inferiority is continued to exist to those who speak dialect. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 25)
b. Regional Dialect and Social Dialect
Dialect is divided into two kinds, social dialect and regional dialect, which can
show differences in speech associated with various social group or classes.
i. Regional Dialect
Regional dialect is geographically based. Every regional has different linguistic
varieties such as different pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in
syntax. When a language is seemed to be spoken in different varieties, how many
varieties and how to classify each variety are then decided. Wardhaugh also states
about dialect geography. Dialect geography is the term that is used to describe the
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distribution of linguistic feature and to show their geographical provenance.
(Wardhaugh, 2010: 41-43)
ii. Social Dialect
Social dialect is used among social groups or classes. To determine a social
group or social class is by giving to many factors that determines someone’s social
position. Those factors are occupation, place of residence, education, ‘new’ versus
‘old’ money, income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural background, caste, and religion.
Those factors can influence how people speak. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 46)
Wardhaugh also states that there are different scales of classifying people in
social systems. An occupational scale divides people from a number of categories
such as major professionals and executives of large businesses, technicians and
owners of small businesses, skilled workers, semi-skilled workers, and unskilled
workers. Income scale focuses on how much money people have. It has also to see
the place where people live; the type of housing and the location. (Wardhaugh, 2010:
150)
c. Ethnography of Communication
Hymes has eight factors that are involved in speaking. Those are setting and scene,
participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms of interaction and
interpretation, and genre. The word of SPEAKING as an acronym is used.
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i. Setting and Scene
Setting refers to the time and place whereas scene refers to the psychological setting
and the cultural setting.
ii. Participants
Participant includes speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver.
iii. Ends
Ends are the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in communication and
the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether intended or not may be different
from the goal that have been planned.
iv. Act Sequence
Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said.
v. Key
Key refers to the tone, manner, and spirit when the message is conveyed.
vi. Instrumentalities
The choice of channel (oral or written) and the forms of speech, such as the language,
dialect, code, register that is chosen.
vii. Norms of interaction and interpretation
It refers to the specific behaviors and properties in speaking.
viii. Genre
Genre refers to the type of utterance.
(Wardhaugh, 2010: 259-261)
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d. Language Variation
Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, people use nonstandard dialect
for important social reasons. A nonstandard dialect is related to home and their local
neighborhood. A nonstandard dialect is sometimes also used to carry connotations of
coolness and toughness. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 315)
In some communities, speakers in lower-social-class groups that are seen from
their income, occupation, and education use more non standard dialect than the
standard one. The inherent variability of dialects also seen from the individual level:
the formality of the situation or who they’re talking to. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff
Connor-Linton, 2006: 316)
e. Solidarity and Politeness
Wardhaugh states when people speak, they use choices of many different
kinds; what people want to say, how people want to say it, and the specific sentence
types, words, and sounds. How people say something is at least as important as what
people say; in fact, the content and the form are inseparable, but being two facets of
the same object. One way to see the relation between speakers is to examine the
aspects of communication such as the use of tu and vous, the use of naming and
address terms, and the use of politeness markers. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 274)
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i. Tu and Vous
Many languages have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous distinction in
French. Both tu and vous mean you. The grammatical difference is tu (T) is a
‘singular you’ and vous (V) is a ‘plural you’. Wardhaugh says that T form is
described as the ‘familiar’ form and the V form as the ‘polite’ one. Other languages
also use tu and vous distinction. Those languages are Latin (tu/vous), Russian (ty/vy),
Italian (tu/lei), German (du/sie), Swedish (du/ni), greek (esi/esis), and English
(thou/you). (Wardhaugh, 2010: 274)
Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are based on someone’s social class. In
medieval times, the upper classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper classes
treat lower classes with T but received V. That condition symbolizes a ‘power’
relationship. It happens to such situations such as people to animals, master or
mistress to servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 2010:
275)
The use of V becomes ‘polite’ use. In other sides, the use of T is available to
show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to the situations in which two
people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e. ‘feeling of solidarity’. T for
solidarity comes to replace politeness since solidarity is often more important than
politeness in personal relationships. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275)
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ii. Address Terms
In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Wardhaugh states Brown and Ford’s
study about naming practices in English that is based on modern plays. It is stated
that the use of unequal title, last name, and first name (TLN/FN) shows inequality in
power whereas the use of mutual TLN shows inequality and unfamiliarity, and the
use of mutual FN shows equality and familiarity. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 282)
Address someone by title alone is the least intimate form address. Knowing
and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy. For example: Doctor Smith is
more intimate than Doctor alone. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283)
2. Theory of Syntax
a. Part of speech
i. Pronouns
Table 1. List of Pronoun
PersonalPronouns Reflective
Pronouns
PossessivePronouns
Subjcase
ObjCase
Determinerfunction
Nominalfunction
1st
persSingular I Me Myself My Mine
Plural We Us Ourselves Our Ours2nd
persSingular
YouYourself
YourPlural Yourselves3rd
pers
Singular
masc He Him Himself Hisfem She Her Herself Her Hers
Non-perso It
Itself Its
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nalPlural They Them Themselves Their Theirs
(Quirk, 102: 1973)
ii. Adjective
An adjective is used with a pronoun or pronoun to describe the living being or
lifeless thing. For example: a little boy, that boy, this boy, a little house. (Curme,
1966: 18) Most adjectives can go in two main places in a sentence. It can be placed
before a noun or after be, seem, look, become and other ‘copular’ verbs. (Swan, 1981:
9)
iii. Inflection of Verbs
Based on Curme, the English verb has forms called voices, moods, tenses,
aspects, numbers, and persons that represent the action suggested by the verb as
limited in various ways, such as in person, number, time, manner of conception, etc.
(Curme, 1966: 52)
English has two voices, the active and the passive. Active voice is indicating
that subject doing something. For example: Mary makes good bread. In other case,
passive voice is showing that the subject is affected the action from the verb. For
example: John was punished for disobeying his mother. (Curme, 1966: 52-53)
English has two numbers which are singular and plural. For example He
sings, she sings, you sing. Be also keeps the numbers distinct in the first and third
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person indicative in both the present and the past tense. For example are I am, he is, I
was, he was, and we were. In other hand, English has three person that are 1st person,
2nd person, and 3rd person. (Curme, 1966: 56)
Tense is a category to indicate the time of some actions. There are three types
of tenses: past, present, and future. For example: I wrote (past); I write (present); I
shall write (future). Tense also shows whether the action or a state of being expressed
by the verb is (or was, or will be) complete (perfect), or whether the action is (or was,
or will be) incomplete (continuous or imperfect). For example: I was writing (past
continuous or past imperfect). I had written (past perfect). (Burton, 1982: 133)
Table 2. Tenses
Form Symbol E.g. Functions(1) Base V Call
DrinkPut
(a) All the present tenses except3rd person singular;I/you/we/they callevery day
(b) Imperative: Call at once!(c) Subjunctive: He demanded that
she call and see him.(d) The bare infinitive: He wants
her to call.(2) –s form (3rd
personsingularpresent)
V-s CallsDrinksPuts
3rd person singular present tense:He/she/it calls every day
(3) Past V-ed1 CalledDrankPut
Past tense: He called yesterday
(4) –ingparticiple(presentparticiple)
V-ing CallingDrinkingPutting
(a) Progressive aspect (be+V-ing):He’s calling in a moment.
(b) In –ing participle clauses:Calling early, I found her athome.
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(5) –edparticiple(pastparticiple)
V-ed2 CalledDrunkPut
(a) Perfective aspect (have+V-ed2): He has drunk the water.
(b) Passive voice (be+V-ed2): he iscalled Jack.
(c) In –ed participle clauses:Called early, he had a quickbreakfast.
(Quirk, 1973:27)
The Simple Tenses
Table 3. The Simple Tenses
Tense Example MeaningSimple Present It snows in Alaska. It expresses events or situations that
exist now, existed in the past, andprobably will exist in the future.
Simple Past It snowed in Alaska. Began and ended in the past.Simple Future It will snow tomorrow. Happen in one particular time in the
future.(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 2)
The Progressive Tenses
The form of Progressive Tense is be + -ing
Table 4. The Progressive Tenses
PresentProgressive
He is sleeping right now. It has a progress at the present timeand probably will be continued.
Past Progressive He was sleeping when Iarrived.
It had a progress at the past time andprobably continued.
FutureProgressive
He will be sleeping whenwe arrive.
It will be in progress at a particulartime in the future.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 3)
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The Perfect Tenses
The form of perfect tense is have/ had / will have + Past participle. The Perfect
Tenses give the idea that something happens before another time or event.
Table 5. The Perfect Tenses
Tense ExamplePresent Perfect I have already eaten.Past Perfect I had already eaten when they
arrived.Future Perfect I will already have eaten when
they arrived.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 4)
The Perfect Progressive Tenses
The form of perfect progressive tense is have/ had/ will have + been + -ing. The
Perfect Progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately
before, up to, until another time and event. The tenses are used to show the duration
of something.
Table 6. The Perfect Progressive Tenses
Tense ExamplePresent Perfect Progressive I have been studying for two
hours.Past Perfect Progressive I had been studying for two
hours before my friend came.Future Perfect Progressive I will have been studying for two
hours by the time you arrive.(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 5)
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Conditional Sentence
Table 7. Conditional SentenceSituation If-clause Result clause Examples
True in thePresent / Future
Simplepresent
Will + simpleform
If I have enough time, Iwatch TV every evening.
Untrue in thePresent / Future
Simple past Would + simpleform
If I had enough time, I wouldwatch TV now or later on.
Untrue in the past Past perfect Would have +past participle
If I hadhad enough time, Iwould have watched TVyesterday.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 416)
iv. Adverb
Adverbs of manner say how something happens or is done. For example:
quickly, happily, terribly, fast, badly, well. These adverbs should not be confused
with adjectives (happy, quick, etc). Adverb is used, not adjectives, to modify verbs.
(Swan, 1981: 16)
b. Agreement between subject and predicate
Curme states that the predicate agrees- wherever the form will permit- with
the subject in number, person, gender, and case. In number, if the subject is singular,
the verb is also singular. If the subject is plural, or if there are several subjects, the
verb is plural. (Curme, 1966: 115)
If the subject in a sentence is singular, the verb is also singular. The verb that
follows an anticipatory it is always singular. The verb is also singular when the
subject takes regular form of each one, everybody, everyone, either, and no one. If the
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subject of a sentence is the name of a book, drama, or newspaper, the verb is singular.
(Curme, 1966: 115-118)
If the subject is plural, or of there are many subjects, the verb is also plural. In
some cases, nouns that are plural in form are singular in meaning. For example are
gallows, news, and mumps. They take a singular verb in the English usage. The verb
is also plural when the there are two subjects and connected by conjunction and.
(Curme, 1966: 116-117)
The use of suffix –s or –es
A suffix –s or –es is given to a simple present verb when the subject is a
singular noun (such as Mary, my father, the machine) or third person singular
pronoun (she, he, it). In other sides, if a suffix –s or –es is not given, the subject must
be a plural noun (such as the students work). (Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen,
2009: 85)
c. Emphatic tags
Based on Bernice Rafferty, it is stated that emphatic tag is used in Northern
Irish. For example is in this statement, I was a back-seat passenger in a car accident,
so I was and there’s not really anything else for it, so there is. So is used and it is
followed by a verb phrase as an emphatic tag. Emphatic tag is a construction that
reinforces the information already provided in the main body of the previous
statement.
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Tags used to change statements into questions, such as isn’t it and can’t you.
The use of tags with so is typical of speech in Northern Ireland, while in the north of
England one frequently hears constructions with an inverted verb phrase, such as
she’s a good dancer, is Katy or simply an emphatic pronoun tagged onto the end of a
statement, such as I play football, me. (http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-
only/ni/lissummon, October 27, 2014)
d. No and None
No is used before a singular or plural noun. For example; we’ve got no plans
for the summer. In other side, none of is used before a determiner (e.g. the, my, this)
and also before pronoun. For example: none of the keys would open the door. (Swan,
1981: 370)
e. Possessive’s
Definite articles are usually dropped when possessives are used. For example:
the car that is John’s= John’s car (NOT the John’s car or John’s the car) But a
possessive word may have its own article. For example: the car that is the boss’s =
the boss’s car.
When a noun with a/an or this/that are wanted to be used, ‘of mine’ construction is
used. For example: she’s a cousin of John’s (NOT …. A John’s cousin). (Swan,
1981: 433)
f. Article
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Article a/an is used with singular countable nouns since the original meaning
of a/an is ‘one’. Before plural and uncountable nouns, some/any or no article are
normally used. For example: we met some nice French girls on holiday. (NOT …. A
nice French girls …. (Swan, 1981: 60)
The article a changes to an if it comes before a vowel. For example: a rabbit,
a lemon, an elephant, and an orange. The choice between a and an depends on
pronunciation, not spelling. An article an is used before a vowel sound, even if it
written as a consonant. For example: an hour. (Swan, 1981: 61)
g. There
The uses of there are as an adverb of place and as an introductory subject.
When there is used as an adverb of place, there has a meaning of ‘in that place’. For
example: what’s that green thing over there? When there is used as an introductory
subject, there is placed in the beginning of sentences. For example: there’s a book
under the piano. (Swan, 1981: 591)
h. Sentence
A sentence can be classified into its function. The functions are declarative,
interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. A declarative sentence contains
statement. It uses a period in the end of sentence. An imperative sentence asks a
question. It uses a question mark in the end of sentence. An exclamatory sentence
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shows strong feeling. It uses an exclamation point. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962:
250)
A sentence also can be classified based on its number and kinds of clauses. A
clause is a group of some words that has a subject and predicate. Some clauses can be
used alone as complete sentence, whereas others are used as a part of sentence. There
are two kinds of clauses such as independent or principal clause and dependent or
subordinate clause. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 250)
An independent clause is a clause that shows a complete thought and can
stand alone as a sentence whereas a dependent clause is a clause that depends on the
rest of the sentence for its meaning. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 251)
A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause. A compound
sentence is made up of two or more independent clause. The independent clauses in a
compound sentence can be linked by and, but, or, or nor preceded by a comma. A
complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one or more dependent
clause. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 251)
i. Parallel structure
In owl.english.purdue.edu, parallel structure uses the same pattern of words to
show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. It happens at the
word, phrase, or clause level. To join parallel structures, the coordinating conjunction
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such as and or or are used. (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/01/,
April 30, 2015)
The use of conjunctions and, but, or, and nor are to connect words or phrases
that have same grammatical function in a sentence and this use of conjunctions is
called parallel structure. The examples are given such as:
Susan raised and snapped her fingers. (Verb + and + verb)
He is waving his arms and (is) shouting at us. (Verb + and + verb)
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 91)
i. Question
In a question, an auxiliary verb normally comes before the subject. For example: why
are you laughing? In question, only the auxiliary verb that comes before the subject,
not whole of the verb. For example: when was your reservation made? (Swan, 1981:
474-475)
C. Theoretical Framework
There are two main points to be analyzed in this thesis. The points are the
grammatical features that are made by Martha and Ben in their utterances to the
children and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire
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dialect to the children. Theory of dialect and grammar are needed to help analyzing
those main points.
In the first point, the theory of grammar is needed because this thesis wants to
analyze further about the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben, two
characters in The Secret Garden novel who use the Yorkshire dialect.
In the second point, the theory of speaking by Dell Hymes is needed since the
writer wants to find out Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and Non
Standard to the children. The theory of solidarity and politeness is also used. Both
Martha and Ben sometimes use Standard English and sometimes use Non Standard
English to talk to the children.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The main source of this study is the utterances of two characters in Burnett’s
novel The Secret Garden, Martha and Ben to the children; Mary, Colin, and Dickon.
Martha is a little girl who works as a housemaid in Mr. Archibald’s house. She has a
head of servant called Mrs. Medlock. In Mr. Archibald’s house, Martha is required to
take care of Mary. Mary is a girl who was born in India. She is sent to England, to
Mr. Archibald’s house since her parents die in cholera. In Mr. Archibald’s house,
Mary does not have any friends. She always plays alone. One day, when she walks
around the garden, she meets Ben. Ben is an old gardener who works as a gardener in
Mr. Archibald’s house. He is a bachelor who lives at the gate. Mary and Ben always
talks about the robin redbreast. One day, Martha finds out that there is someone else
in Mr. Archibald’s house. She always hears someone cries. When she asks Martha
about the sounds that Mary hears, Martha says that it is only the sound of the wind.
Mary feels that Martha lies to her and Mary wants to know the truth. Finally, Mary
finds Colin. Colin is Mr. Archibald’s son. He always spends his time alone in his
room since his father does not like him and everyone thinks that he cannot walk.
During his life time, he never sees anyone except his father and the servants. Then,
Mary and Colin become friends. Mary often goes to Colin’s room. Suddenly, Martha
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knows that Mary knows the existence of Colin. Martha is required by Mrs. Medlock
not to tell Mary about Colin. Martha feels afraid that she will be fired. In fact, Colin
as her employer does not fire her. Colin asks Martha that he wants to go outside. He
wants to play with Mary in the garden. For the first time, Colin meets Ben. Ben really
shocks of what he sees since Colin has eyes like her mother. When Colin’s mother
lives, Ben is Colin mother’s gardener. He loves Colin’s mother and always takes care
of her roses.
As stated in The Secret Garden, Martha and Ben are the Yorkshire lower class
people who use the Yorkshire dialect. Even though there are many characters using
the Yorkshire dialect in The Secret Garden such as Mrs. Medlock, Dickon, Mr.
Archibald Craven, and Colin, Martha and Ben are chosen to represent the grammar
feature on the Yorkshire dialect based on their utterances to the children.
The number of Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to each child is listed below:
Table 8. Number of Martha’s and Ben’s Utterances
No. Speaking To Martha Ben1. Mary 129 512. Colin 4 363. Dickon 0 0
TOTAL 133 utterances 87 utterances
From the table above, it is seen that Martha shares 137 utterances whereas
Ben shares 87 utterances. The utterances spoken by Martha and Ben have different
number of sentences. The utterances sometimes contain only some words, one
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sentence, or even more than one sentence. In their utterances, Martha and Ben use
Standard and Non Standard dialect. The table of utterances of Standard and Non
Standard dialect is as follow.
Table 9. Number of Utterances of Standard and Non Standard Used by Marthaand Ben
No The character Standard Non Standard1. Martha 29 1042. Ben 16 71
B. Approach of the Study
In studying the grammatical aspects on the Yorkshire dialect used by two
characters, Martha and Ben in Burnett’s novel, The Secret Garden, Syntax of English
language and Sociolinguistics are used.
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
The grammatical features on utterances spoken by Martha and Ben to the
children are explained in this study. Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children
(Mary and Colin) are given in the appendix of this research.
In collecting the data, library research is done. The first step of this study is by
reading the novel to understand the contexts of The Secret Garden. By reading the
novel, it also can be known that Martha and Ben use the Yorkshire dialect which is a
dialect spoken in Britain.
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After reading the novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett, all utterances of Martha
and Ben to Mary and Colin as children are written. The utterances are presented in
the appendix. Then, the writer finds sources that are related to this study including
books, undergraduate thesis, journals, and websites that will help to answer problems
mentioned before. Next, there are two tables that are made. The first table is Martha’s
utterances whereas the second one is Ben’s utterances.
There are six columns made in every table i.e. number, reference’s column,
speaking to’s column, utterances’ column, Standard or Non Standard’s column, and
types of feature’s column. In reference’s column, the number of the page is made to
make reader knows where the utterances are placed. The utterances are shown next to
the references’ column. In the utterances’ column, the underlined-bold selected texts
are given to emphasize the grammatical features used by Martha or Ben. Beside
utterances’ column, there is Standard or Non Standard dialect’s column. It gives the
information whether the utterances that are spoken by Martha and Ben are Standard
or not. If the utterances are Standard, there will be no underlined-bold selected texts
in utterances column. Then, in types of feature’s column, there are types of feature
based on the underlined selected texts in the utterances column. If the utterances are
Standard, there will be no types of feature. An example of the table is given.
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Table 10. Utterances Spoken by Martha and Ben to Mary and Colin
No. References Speaking To Utterances Standard orNon
Standard
Types offeature
(Number ofpage)
(Mary orColin)
(Utterancesspoken byMartha or Ben)
(The typesof featurebased on theunderlinedselectedtexts inutterances’column)
The example from the novel is:
Table 11. The Example of Martha’s utterances
No. References Speaking To Utterances Standard orNon Standard
Feature
1 25 Mary Thatthere?
Non Standard The use of thereafter a noun that
Table 12. The Example of Ben’s utterancesNo. References Speaking To Utterances Standard or
Non StandardFeature
1 37 Mary One o' th'kitchen-gardens.
Standard -
2. Data Analysis
There are two problems discussed in this study i.e. the grammatical features
on the Yorkshire dialect based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children and
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Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to the
children. To be able to answer those questions, the analysis is done in some steps.
The first problem contains the features used by Martha and Ben in talking to
the children. Based on Fasold and Connor-Linton, the pattern of the dialect can be
described from the lexical, phonological, syntax, and also discourse variation (Fasold
and Connor-Linton, 2006: 310). In fact, the writer only focuses on syntax variation.
In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben sometimes speak the Yorkshire
dialect and sometimes speak Standard English to the children. In this research, the
writer wants to determine what the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben in
the Yorkshire dialect only. The writer will compare the Yorkshire dialect spoken by
Martha and Ben with the theory of Standard English made by linguistics experts.
In this explanation of the grammatical features, the writer divides the types of
features into seven such as pronouns and nouns, verbs and auxiliaries, word order,
article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, and Non Standard
vocabulary. For example, in pronoun feature, Martha and Ben often use pronoun tha
in their utterances. It compares with Standard English. In Standard English, pronoun
you is used.
After dividing the types of features, the writer gives the utterances of Martha
and Ben. To make the explanation clearer, the table is made.
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The example of the table is:
Table 13. The Example of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectUsed by Martha and Ben in Their Utterances to the Children
Features Yorkshire form Standard English The example ofutterances
In the table, the features column contains pronouns and nouns, verbs and
auxiliaries, word order, article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, or
vocabulary. In the Yorkshire form column, each grammatical feature of the Yorkshire
dialect used by Martha and Ben are written. In Standard English column, the
explanation of Standard English’s theory that is related to each Yorkshire feature
used by Martha and Ben is given. In the example of utterances, the example of
Martha’s and Ben’s utterances is given. The examples of Martha’s and Ben’s
utterances are:
(Martha/25/Mary) That's th' moor. Does tha' like it?
(Ben/37/Mary) If tha' likes. But there's nowt to see.
In the bracket, it contains three things. The first is the person who speaks
(Martha or Ben), the second is the page of Martha’s or Ben’s utterances, and the last
is the person who Martha or Ben talks to. Beside the bracket, the utterances that are
spoken by Martha and Ben are given. In the utterance, there will be underlined-italic-
bold selected texts. Those underlined-italic-bold selected texts are given to make
clear the grammatical features used by Martha or Ben.
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Then, the common grammatical feature of the Yorkshire dialect spoken by
Martha and Ben is given. The table is made.
Table 14. The Example of List of the Common Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect Spoken by Martha and Ben
Features No. Types of Form inNon-Standard
Number TotalMartha Ben
The table above has six columns; features, number, type of form in Non-
Standard, number in Martha or number in Ben, and total. Column of feature contains
the feature that is mentioned before. It can be pronouns and nouns, verbs and
auxiliaries, word order, article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, or
Non Standard vocabulary. In type of form in Non-Standard’s column, the form of
grammar used by Martha and Ben is given. In number’s column, two columns are
made. The first is Martha’s number and the second is Ben’s. Number’s column
contains the quantities of the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben that has
been counted.
The second problem is Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and
the Yorkshire dialect to the children. In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben
speak both standard and the Yorkshire dialect to the children; Mary and Colin.
To answer the second problem, Hymes’ theory is used. According to Hymes,
there are 8 factors influence someone in using language choice; participants, act,
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raisan (resultat), locale, agents (instrumentalities), norms, to (key), and types (genres)
(Hymes, 1974:62). One of those factors above is ends. Ends is divided into two
things. The first is the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in
communication. The second is the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether
intended or not may be different from the goal that has been planned. (Hymes, 1974:
57)
The theory of tu and vous by Wardhaugh is also used to help answering the
second problem. Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are used based on someone’s
social class. In medieval times, the upper classes use V forms with each other to show
politeness whereas the lower classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper
classes treat lower classes with T but received V. that condition symbolizes a ‘power’
relationship. It happens to situations such as people to animals, master or mistress to
servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 1992: 259)
Before using those theories, the writer explains who Mary and Colin are and
Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary and Colin as children. The situations
when Martha and Ben use Standard English and the situations when Martha and Ben
use the Yorkshire dialect are also given. The last step taken is by making a conclusion
based on the answers of the problems in this study.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, there will be two analyses. The first one is the grammatical
features in Non-Standard form used by Martha and Ben in talking to the children. The
second is Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect
to the children.
Based on What is Sociolinguistics, standard is the rule or law of a language.
Standard English is often taught in school, used in formal writing, and often be heard
from newscasters, and other media figures who are trying to project authority or
ability. In other side, non-Standard is described as varieties of language that is out of
the standard. (Herk, 2012: 12)
A. Analysis of the grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect used by
Martha and Ben in their utterances to the children
Table 15. The Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect Used by Marthaand Ben in Their Utterances to the Children
Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns andpronouns
Pronoun tha YouTha means you.(www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Tha,Oct 16, 2014)
(Martha/25/Mary) That’s th’moor. Does tha’ like it?
(Ben/37/Mary) If tha’ likes.But there’s nowt to see.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns andpronouns
Pronoun thee YouThee is an old Englishform of objectpronoun thou and nowreplaced by you (TheOxford AmericanDictionary andThesaurus, 2003:1585)
(Martha/86/Mary) Twopieces o’ meat an’ two helpso’ rice puddin’! Eh! Motherwill be pleased when I tellher what th’ skippin’-rope’sdone for thee.
(Ben/39/Mary) There wasnothin’ to prevent thee.
Pronoun thy YourThy is a possessivepronoun and nowreplaced by yourexcept in some formal,liturgical, dialect, andpoetic uses (TheOxford AmericanDictionary andThesaurus, 2003:1597)
(Martha/30/Mary) I’ll helpthee on with thy clothes iftha’ll get out o’ bed.
(Ben/79/Mary) Well! Uponmy word! P’raps tha’ art ayoung ‘un, after all, an’p’raps tha’s got child’sblood in thy veins instead ofsour buttermilk.
Reflectivepronounthysen, thyself
YourselfThysen and thyself arethe archaic form ofyourself(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thyself, October 16,2014)
(Martha/28/Mary) Well, it'stime tha' should learn. Tha'cannot begin younger. It'lldo thee good to wait onthysen a bit.
(Ben/246/Colin) What didtha’ shut thysel’ up for?
The adding ofthat inansweringyes/nointerrogativesentence
Yes/no + subject +auxiliary (+ n’t)(http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/frage4.htm, October 8,2014)
(Martha/26/Mary) Aye, thatI do. I just love it. It's nonebare. …
(Ben/41/Mary) Aye, that hewill. I've knowed him eversince he was a fledgling. …
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns andpronouns
Subjectpronoun usedas a redundantelement
Redundant meansrepeating somethingelse and thereforeunnecessary(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redundant Oct 20,2014)
(Martha/30/Mary) He said,‘I won’t have a childdressed in black wanderin’about like a lost soul,’ hesaid. ‘It’d make the placesadder that it is. Put coloron her.’ Mother she saidshe knew what he meant.Mother always knows whata body means. She doesn’thold with black hersel’.
3rd personsingularsubjectpronoun himand her
He, she(Quirk, 102: 1973)
(Martha/51-52/Mary) Himan’ her used to go in an’shut th’ door an’ stay threehours an’ hours, readin’and talkin’.
(Ben/239-240/Mary) Himshowin' thee th' way! Him!
Zero pluralmarker
Nouns such as week,month, year, pound,stone and mile areunmarked for plural inmany varieties of non-standard English, butStandard Englishrequires the pluralsuffix <-s>(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/grammar/, Sept 30, 2014)
(Martha/65/Mary) Tha’couldn’t walk five mile. It’sfive mile to our cottage.
(Ben/292/Colin) I wasthinkin’ as I’d warrant tha’sgone up three or fourpound this week. I waslookin’ at tha’ calves an’tha’ shoulders. I’d like toget thee on a pair o’ scales.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Nouns andpronouns
Subjectpronoun themand us
They, we(Quirk, 102: 1973)
(Martha/88-89/Mary) Themwas the very words she said.
(Martha/120/Mary) Well,he's th' best lad as ever wasborn, but us never thoughthe was handsome.
Anticipatorypronoun
Much of the North ofEngland speakersfrequently use apronoun as anemphatic tag inexpressions, such as Iplay football, me orhe's a madman, him(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/grammar/, Sept 30, 2014)
(Martha/30/Mary) Shedoesn’t hold with blackhersel’.
(Ben/42/Mary) I’m lonelymysel’ except when he’swith me.
Reflectivepronounhisself
Himself(Quirk, 102: 1973)
(Ben/41/Mary) He knows allth' things Mester Cravennever troubles hissel' to findout.
Verbs andAuxiliaries
The use of –son non-thirdpersonsingularpresent-tenseverb
-s on third personsingular present-tenseverbAgreement betweensubject and verb(Curme, 1966: 115)
(Martha/25/Mary) That's th'moor. Does tha' like it?
(Ben/44/Mary) … Th' veryblackberries an'heatherbells knows him. Iwarrant th' foxes showshim where their cubs liesan' th' skylarks doesn't hidetheir nests from him.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Verbs andauxiliaries
Pronoun tha +archaic to beor tha +archaic modalverb (tha’rtand tha’lt)
You are, you willArchaic is commonlyused in an earlier timebut rare in present-dayusage except tosuggest the older time,as in religious ritualsor historical novels(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/archaic, April 20, 2015)
(Martha/26/Mary) That’sbecause tha’rt not used toit. Tha thinks it’s too big an’bare now. But tha’ will likeit.
(Ben/42/Mary) Then nowonder tha’rt lonely. Tha’ltbe lonelier before tha’sdone.
PresentProgressiveTense andPastProgressiveTense be + to+ simple verb
Subject + be + V – ing(Azar, Betty S andStacy A. Hagen, 2009:3)
(Martha/27/Mary) I'm Mrs.Medlock's servant. An' she'sMr. Craven's—but I'm to dothe housemaid's work uphere an' wait on you a bit.But you won't need muchwaitin' on.
3rd person and2nd personplural was/is
Were, are
Agreement betweensubject and verb(Curme, 1966: 115)
(Martha/28/Mary) When Iheard you was comin' fromIndia I thought you was ablack too.
(Ben/96/Mary) Tha'sbeginnin' to doMisselthwaite credit. Tha'sa bit fatter than tha' was an'tha's not quite so yeller.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Verbs andauxiliaries
Unequal verbtenses withcoordinatingconjunctionand
Parallel structure
The use of conjunctionand, but, or, and norare to connect wordsor phrases that havesame grammaticalfunction in a sentence(Azar, Stacy A.Hagen, 2009: 91)
(Martha/32/Mary) He foundit on th' moor with itsmother when it was a littleone an' he began to makefriends with it an' give itbits o' bread an' pluckyoung grass for it. And itgot to like him so it followshim about an' it lets him geton its back. Dickon's a kindlad an' animals likes him.
(Ben/41/Mary) When hewent over th' wall again th'rest of th' brood was gonean' he was lonely an' hecome back to me.
Verb + about (Martha/32/Mary) Theytumble about on th' mooran' play there all day an'mother says th' air of th'moor fattens 'em.
(Ben/99/Mary) Once ortwice a year I'd go an' workat 'em a bit—prune 'em an'dig about th' roots.
3rd personsingular +simple verb
A final –s or –es isgiven to a simplepresent verb when thesubject is a singularnoun(Azar, Betty S. andStacy A. Hagen, 2009:85)
(Martha/74/Mary) It wouldbe same as a wild beastshow like we heard they hadin York once.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Verbs andauxiliaries
Would have +simple verb inconditionalsentence type3
[past perfect (if-clause)] + [would have+ past participle(result clause)](Azar, Betty S. andStacy A. Hagen, 2009:416)
(Martha/78/Mary) If tha’dbeen our ‘Lizabeth Ellentha’d have give me a kiss.
Had + simplepast in PastPerfect
Had + past participleis used in past perfect(Azar, Betty S., StacyA. Hagen, 2009: 4)
(Martha/122/Mary) She’dnever spoke to him before,but Mrs. Craven had beento our cottage two or threetimes. He’d forgot, butmother hadn’t an’ she madebold to stop him.
The use ofauxiliary verbafter none as
None of
None of is used beforea determiner (the, my,this) and also beforepronoun. (Swan, 1988:370)
(Ben/45/Mary) None as anyone can find, an' none as isanyone's business.
Seed as a pasttense of see
Saw (Ben/246/Colin) When Iseed thee put tha' legs on th'ground in such a hurry Iknowed tha' was all right.
The use ofpresent tenseto describepast event
Past tense (Ben/247/Colin) I'm no one.An' I didn't come throughth' door. I come over th'wall. Th' rheumatics heldme back th' last two year'.
3rd person and1st personsingular were
Was (Ben/247/Colin) Aye, it wasthat! She were main fond ofit.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Word order To be comesafter subjectininterrogativesentence
Are youAuxiliary verb isplaced before subject.For example: why areyou laughing? (Swan,1988: 474)
(Ben/241/Colin) Who tha'art?
Little + thereis formation
There + be formationintroduces the ideathat something existsin a particular placeand there + beformation have to befollowed by thesubject (Azar, Betty S.and Stacy A. Hagen,2009: 91)
(Martha/34/Mary) Howeverlittle there is to eat, healways saves a bit o' hisbread to coax his pets.
The absenceof subject ininterrogativesentence
Are youAuxiliary + Subject +Verb is used ininterrogative sentence(Kruisinga, 1915: 461)
(Ben/245/Mary) What art _sayin'?
Article The adding ofarticle a afterpossessive
Defines articles areusually dropped whenpossessives are used.For example: the carthat is John’s = John’scar (not the John’s caror John’s the car)(Swan, 1988: 440 -441)
(Martha/28-29/Mary) Youalways read as a black’s aman an’ a brother.
Article a onthird personplural
Article a/an is usedwith singularcountable nouns sincethe original meaningof a/an is ‘one’.(Swan, 1988: 60)
(Martha/120/Mary) Thoughthey’re a nice color.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Article Article acomes beforea vowel
An
The article a changesto an if it comesbefore a vowel.(Swan, 1988: 61)
(Martha/150/Mary) Th’world’s comin’ to a end!
Prepositions,conjunctions, adverbs
Zeroadverbialmarker
Adverbs of mannersay how somethinghappens or is done.Adverbs should not beconfused withadjectives. Adverb isused, not adjectives, tomodify verbs. (Swan,1988: 16)
(Martha/28-29/Mary) WhenI come in to light your firethis mornin’ I crep’ up toyour bed an’ pulled th’cover back careful to lookat you.
There used asan adjective
There used as anadjective foremphasis, usuallyplaced after ademonstrativeadjective but beforethe noun modified.This function of thereis used in nonstandardform(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/there, April 28,2015)
In Standard English,the uses of there are asan adverb of place andan introductorysubject. (Swan, 1988:589)
(Martha/93/Mary) Mr.Craven would be that thereangry there’s no knowin’what he’d do.
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Features TheYorkshire
Form
Standard English The example of utterances
Prepositions,conjunctions, adverbs
Unequalclause levelwithcoordinatingconjunctionand
Conjunctions and, but,or, and nor are used toconnect words orphrases that have samegrammatical functionin a sentence and thisuse of conjunctions iscalled parallelstructure. (Azar, BettyS., Stacy A. Hagen,2009: 91)
(Martha/151/Mary) He'dbeen out of his head an' shewas talkin' to th' nurse,thinkin' he didn't knownothin', an' she said, 'He'lldie this time sure enough,an' best thing for him an'for everybody.'
Negatives Doublenegative
Single negativeparticle
Nobody, nothing,never, or othernegatives word areenough to givenegative meaning, andnot is unnecessary.(Swan, 1988: 356)
(Martha/51-52/Mary) Noone’s never gone in since,an’ he won’t let any one talkabout it.
(Ben/261/Colin) I canna'do no swayin' back'ard andfor'ard.
Vocabulary Non Standardvocabulary
Nothing of the sort,one, impudent,enough, nothing
Standard vocabulary
(Martha/64/Mary) Eh! No!Nowt o’ th soart!
(Ben/ 239-240) Tha’ youngbad ‘un! Layin’tha’ badnesson a robin,- not but whathe’s impidint enow foranythin’. Him showin’ theeth’ way! Him! Eh! Tha’young nowt, however i’ thisworld did tha’ get in?
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Based on the analysis above, it can be seen that in The Secret Garden novel,
there are 35 features made by Martha and Ben in their utterances. Then, to know the
common grammatical feature in The Secret Garden novel, the table is made to show
the number of features used by Martha and Ben and the common grammatical feature
in The Secret Garden novel is drawn.
Table 16. List of the Common Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectSpoken by Martha and Ben
Features No The Yorkshire Form Number TotalMartha Ben
Nouns andpronouns
1. Pronoun tha 89 59 148
2. Pronoun thee 25 25 503. Pronoun thy 6 3 94. Reflective pronoun
thysen, thyself5 3 8
5. The adding of that inanswering yes/nointerrogative sentence
1 2 3
6. Subject pronoun usedas a redundant element
4 2 6
7. 3rd person singularsubject pronoun himand her
2 2 4
8. Zero plural marker 2 2 49. Subject pronoun them
and us2 0 2
10. Anticipatory pronoun 8 4 1211. Reflective pronoun
hisself0 1 1
Verbs andAuxiliaries
1. The use of –s on non-third person singularpresent-tense verb
39 22 61
2. Pronoun tha + archaicto be or tha + archaicmodal verb (tha’rt andtha’lt)
11 14 25
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Features No The Yorkshire Form Number TotalMartha Ben
Verbs andauxiliaries
3. Present ProgressiveTense and PastProgressive Tense be+ to + simple verb
3 0 3
4. 3rd person And 2nd
person plural was/is26 15 41
5. Unequal verb tenseswith coordinatingconjunction and
9 1 10
6. Verb + about 8 3 117. 3rd person singular +
simple verb2 0 2
8. Would have + simpleverb in conditionalsentence type 3
1 0 1
9. Had + simple past inPast Perfect
2 1 3
10. The use of auxiliaryverb after none as
0 1 1
11. Seed as a past tense ofsee
0 3 3
12. The use of presenttense to describe pastevent
0 3 3
13. 3rd person and 1st
person singular were0 2 2
Word order 1. To be comes aftersubject in interrogativesentence
0 1 1
2. Little + there isformation
1 0 1
3. The absence of subjectin interrogativesentence
0 1 1
Article 1. The adding of article aafter possessive
1 0 1
2. Article a comes beforea vowel
1 0 1
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Features No The Yorkshire Form Number TotalMartha Ben
Prepositions,conjunctions,adverb
3. Article a on thirdperson plural
1 0 1
1. Zero adverbial marker 2 0 22. There used as an
adjective5 0 5
3. Unequal clause levelwith coordinatingconjunction and
1 0 1
Negatives 1. Double negative 8 2 10Vocabulary 1. Non-Standard
vocabulary13 44 57
Based on the table, Martha and Ben share different number of each
grammatical pattern on their utterances.
In nouns and pronouns feature, it can be seen that the common type used by
Martha and Ben is pronoun tha with total 148 numbers. Martha uses pronoun tha
more than Ben does. Martha shares 89 numbers and Ben shares 59 numbers. Martha
and Ben use pronoun tha as a subject in their utterances. In Standard English, tha is
you.
In Martha’s utterances, she uses both pronoun tha and Standard English
pronoun you to Mary but only uses Standard English pronoun you when talking to
Colin. It can be seen from page 154 when Martha talks with Colin.
I have to do what you please, sir.Thank you, sir, I want to do my duty, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Martha uses pronoun tha followed by bare verbs with suffix –s or -es. For
example; tha thinks, tha doesn’t, and tha goes. If the verb does not followed by suffix
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–s or –es, Martha uses pronoun you. For example; you wrap up warm, you do your
best, and if you practice you’ll mount up. Pronoun tha is used when it is followed by
archaic to be and archaic modal verb (art and wilt). For example; that’s because
tha’rt no used to it and art tha’ thinkin’ about that garden yet? On other sides,
pronoun you is used when it is followed by Standard English to be and modal verb.
For example; you’ll want to get out on it, you’ll mount up, and I thought you was a
black too.
In Ben’s utterances, he uses pronoun tha when talking to Mary and Colin. As
same as Martha, Ben also uses pronoun tha if it is followed by bare verbs with suffix
–s or –es. For example; tha likes, doesn’t tha’ know, and tha shapes. On other sides,
Ben uses pronoun tha that is followed by both archaic to be, archaic modal verb and
Standard English to be, modal verb. For example; tha’ll have to wait for ‘em, tha
was, tha’lt be lonelier, art tha’ th’ little wench from India. Standard English pronoun
you is used when it is followed by bare verb without suffix –s or –es such as you
watch ‘em. Pronoun you is also used when it is followed by modal verb will and past
tense verb. For example; you’ll see and you said.
In verbs and auxiliaries feature, the common type used by Martha and Ben is
the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb with total 61 numbers.
Martha shares 39 numbers and Ben shares 22 numbers.
In Martha’s utterances, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-
tense verb is used when the verb is in present-tense and the subject is second person
tha, third person plural they, and plural nouns. For example; tha’ thinks, th’ bees and
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skylarks makes, our children plays. If the subject is Standard English pronoun you
and first person singular I, Martha does not put suffix –s or –es in the verb. For
example; you wrap up warm, and I know that. If there is a modal verb, the verb after
the modal verb does not used suffix –s or –es. For example; tha’ cannot begin
younger.
In Ben’s utterances, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense
verb is used when the verb is in present-tense and the subject is second person tha
and plural nouns. For example; tha’ likes and th' skylarks doesn't hide. If the subject
is person singular I, Ben uses the verb with suffix –s and without suffix –s. For
example; I never knows, and I come over th’ wall. If the subject is third person plural
they and second person you, Ben does not put any suffix –s. For example; they run
wild, they tumble about, and you watch ‘em.
In word order feature, Martha shares 1 number of little + there is formation.
Ben shares 1 number of to be comes after subject in interrogative sentence and 1
number of the absence of subject in interrogative sentence.
In article feature, Martha shares 1 number of the adding of article a after
possessive, 1 number of article a comes before a vowel, and 1 number of article a on
third person plural. In other side, Ben shares no number in article feature.
Then, in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs feature, the common type used
by Martha is the use of there used as an adjective. Martha shares 5 numbers.
Otherwise, Ben shares no number in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs feature.
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In negatives features which only has 1 type of pattern, double negative,
Martha shares 8 numbers and Ben shares 2 numbers.
Martha and Ben use double negative when there are negatives such as no one,
nothing, and no. For example; I never told thee nothin' about him, and I canna' do no
chantin'.
The last, in vocabulary feature, Martha shares 13 numbers and Ben shares
more than Martha which is 44 numbers.
B. Martha’s and Ben’s Reasons of Speaking Standard English and the
Yorkshire Dialect to the Children
In The Secret Garden novel, it can be seen that Martha and Ben share both
Standard and the Yorkshire dialect in their utterances to talk to the children.
Sometimes Martha and Ben use Standard English and sometimes they use the
Yorkshire dialect when speaking to Mary and Colin. For example, on page 27,
Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect canna' tha' dress thysen! to Mary. On the same
page, Martha uses Standard English in her utterance eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told
me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn't know what I was sayin'. I mean can't you
put on your own clothes?
In this analysis to answer problem formulation 3, the writer will explain the
reasons behind Martha’s and Ben’s choice of Standard and the Yorkshire dialect in
talking to the children.
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As described before, both Martha and Ben work at Mr. Archibald Craven’s
house. Martha works as a housemaid whereas Ben works as a gardener. Mr.
Archibald Craven is Mary’s uncle who lives in Misselthwaite Manor, England. He is
a rich person who has a big house. He has a son named Colin.
"Not but that it's a grand big place in a gloomy way, and Mr. Craven's proudof it in his way—and that's gloomy enough, too. The house is six hundredyears old and it's on the edge of the moor, and there's near a hundred rooms init, though most of them's shut up and locked. And there's pictures and fine oldfurniture and things that's been there for ages, and there's a big park round itand gardens and trees with branches trailing to the ground—some of them."(Burnett, 1998: 15)
In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben often talk to the children such as
Mary and Colin. Mary talks using Standard English to Martha and Ben.
“You thought I was a native! You dared! You don't know anything aboutnatives! They are not people—they're servants who must salaam to you. Youknow nothing about India. You know nothing about anything!” (Burnett,1998: 29)
In fact, from time to time Mary lives in a Yorkshire society and be friend with
Dickon who is Martha’s young brother, she sometimes speaks the Yorkshire dialect.
“I'm givin' thee a bit o' Yorkshire. I canna' talk as graidely as Dickon an'Martha can but tha' sees I can shape a bit. Doesn't tha' understand a bit o'Yorkshire when tha' hears it? An' tha' a Yorkshire lad thysel' bred an' born!Eh! I wonder tha'rt not ashamed o' thy face.” (Burnett, 1998: 201)
In other side, Colin speaks Standard English. It can be seen when Colin and
Mary are firstly meet in Colin’s room in chapter 13.
"You are real, aren't you? I have such real dreams very often. You might beone of them." (Burnett, 1998: 135)
"Because I am like this always, ill and having to lie down. My father won't letpeople talk me over either. The servants are not allowed to speak about me. If
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I live I may be a hunchback, but I shan't live. My father hates to think I maybe like him." (Burnett, 1998: 136)
Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary and Colin and the scenes when
Martha and Ben use Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin is
explained below. Martha will be explained first, and then Ben.
1. Martha
As stated before, Martha is a Yorkshire girl who works as a housemaid in Mr.
Archibald Craven’s house. Besides working as a housemaid, she is also Mrs.
Medlock’s servant.
“I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An' she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do thehousemaid's work up here an' wait on you a bit. But you won't need muchwaitin' on.” (Burnett, 1998:27)
In The Secret Garden novel, Martha is stated as an untrained rural person.
If Martha had been a well-trained fine young lady's maid she would have beenmore subservient and respectful and would have known that it was herbusiness to brush hair, and button boots, and pick things up and lay themaway. She was, however, only an untrained Yorkshire rustic who had beenbrought up in a moorland cottage with a swarm of little brothers and sisterswho had never dreamed of doing anything but waiting on themselves and onthe younger ones who were either babies in arms or just learning to totterabout and tumble over things. (Burnett, 1998: 31)
Martha is also described as a poor girl. She lives with her twelve siblings and
her father only gets sixteen shilling a week.
“Eh! you should see 'em all. There's twelve of us an' my father only getssixteen shilling a week. I can tell you my mother's put to it to get porridge for'em all. …” (Burnett, 1998: 32)
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Evidence that shows Martha is a poor girl can be seen from page 89. It is the
scene when Mary tells Martha that she has more than five shillings in her pocket that
are given by Mrs. Morrison and Mr. Craven and she does not know how to spend it.
After hearing that fact, Martha shocks because it is difficult for her family to pay the
cottage’s rent although the price is lower than what Mary has in her pocket.
“My word! That’s riches. Tha' can buy anything in th' world tha' wants. Th'rent of our cottage is only one an' threepence an' it's like pullin' eye-teeth toget it. Now I've just thought of somethin'.” (Burnett, 1998: 89)
In the novel, Martha admits herself that she tends to talk in the Yorkshire
dialect.
“Eh! I know that. If there was a grand Missus at Misselthwaite I should neverhave been even one of th' under housemaids. I might have been let to bescullery-maid but I'd never have been let up-stairs. I'm too common an' I talktoo much Yorkshire. …” (Burnett, 1998: 27)
In The Secret Garden novel, it shows that Mary has a higher social status than
Martha. Martha works to take care of Mary and she calls Mary with Miss. Even
though Mary has a higher social status than her, Martha tends to talk in the Yorkshire
dialect than Standard English since she is only an untrained maid as described before.
“My word! It would set 'em clean off their heads. Would tha' really do that,Miss? It would be same as a wild beast show like we heard they had in Yorkonce.” (Burnett, 1998: 74)
Martha is a poor girl who lives with a lot of siblings in a small house. Martha
feels that Mary has a better life than her since in Martha’s house she and her family
do not have much food to be eaten whereas Mary has a lot of foods in Mr. Craven’s
house.
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“It's lucky for thee that tha's got victuals as well as appetite. There's beentwelve in our cottage as had th' stomach an' nothin' to put in it.” (Burnett,1998: 47)
When Martha firstly meets Mary, Martha speaks using the Yorkshire dialect
with Mary. It can be seen from page 25 in The Secret Garden novel.
“That there?” (Burnett, 1998: 25)
“That's th' moor. Does tha' like it?” (Burnett, 1998:25)
“That's because tha'rt not used to it. Tha' thinks it's too big an' bare now. Buttha' will like it." (Burnett, 1998:26)
It shows that Martha uses the feature of the use of –s on non-third-person
singular present-tense verb in does tha like it, the use of there used as an adjective,
pronoun tha, and pronoun tha + archaic to be in tha’rt.
In The Secret Garden novel, Mary sometimes does not understand what
Martha is talking about since Mary does not understand the Yorkshire dialect.
“What do you mean? I don't understand your language." (Burnett, 1998: 27)
When Mary does not understand what Martha is talking about, Martha talks
using Standard English because she remembers that Mrs. Medlock as the head of
servant asks her to speak in Standard English.
“Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn'tknow what I was sayin'. I mean can't you put on your own clothes?" (Burnett,1998: 28)
Sometimes Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect and suddenly uses Standard
English without any specific reasons. For example, in page 33 when she speaks to
Mary about the meals that Mary does not want to eat. Martha tells Mary that her
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siblings cannot always have something to eat. Martha tells Mary that Mary should eat
her meal.
Martha : "Eh! I can't abide to see good victuals go to waste. If our childrenwas at this table they'd clean it bare in five minutes."
Mary : Why?Martha : Why! Because they scarce ever had their stomachs full in their lives.
They're as hungry as young hawks an' foxes."Martha : Well, it would do thee good to try it. I can see that plain enough. I've
no patience with folk as sits an' just stares at good bread an' meat. Myword! don't I wish Dickon and Phil an' Jane an' th' rest of 'em hadwhat's here under their pinafores.
Mary : Why don't you take it to them?Martha : It's not mine. An' this isn't my day out. I get my day out once a month
same as th' rest. Then I go home an' clean up for mother an' give her aday's rest.
Martha: You wrap up warm an' run out an' play you. It'll do you good andgive you some stomach for your meat."
(Burnett, 1998: 33-34)
The utterances above show that at first, Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect. She
uses the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb in our children
was. In 2nd utterance, Martha uses Standard English. In 3rd utterance, Martha uses the
Yorkshire dialect again. She uses pronoun thee. In 4th utterance, Martha uses
Standard English. In 5th utterance, Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect. She uses subject
pronoun redundant in you wrap up warm an’ run out an’ play you. It can be seen that
Martha speaks both Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect in the same scene.
According to Wardhaugh’s theory of tu and vous, it shows that when Martha
uses the Yorkshire dialect to Mary, she shows solidarity. As stated by Wardhaugh,
the use of T is available to show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to
the situations in which two people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e.
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‘feeling of solidarity’. T for solidarity comes to replace politeness since solidarity is
often more important than politeness in personal relationships. (Wardhaugh, 1992:
275)
The solidarity can be seen that Martha and Mary are close enough since
Martha is Mary’s housemaid. At the first time, Mary looks that she does not like
Martha but from time to time, she seems to like Martha. Martha and Mary are close
enough since they often talks about Martha’s mother and also Martha’s little brother,
Dickon. Mary seems to like Martha’s mother and Dickon. The example of their
conversations about Martha’s mother and Dickon are as follow.
Mary : I should like to see your cottage.Martha : I'll ask my mother about it. She's one o' them that nearly always sees
a way to do things. It's my day out to-day an' I'm goin' home. Eh! I amglad. Mrs. Medlock thinks a lot o' mother. Perhaps she could talk toher."
Mary : I like your motherMartha : I should think tha' did. (Burnett, 1998: 65-66)
Mary : I like Dickon. And I've never seen him.Martha : Well, I've told thee that th' very birds likes him an' th' rabbits an' wild
sheep an' ponies, an' th' foxes themselves. I wonder what Dickonwould think of thee?"
Mary : He wouldn't like me. No one does. (Burnett, 1998: 66)
In other hands, when Martha talks with Standard English to Mary, she shows
politeness to Mary since Mary is her employer. Based on Wardhaugh, the upper
classes treat lower classes with T but received V. That condition symbolizes a
‘power’ relationship. It happens to such situations such as people to animals, master
or mistress to servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 2010:
275)
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It can be seen that Martha calls Mary with a title Miss. The other reason why
Martha sometimes talks in Standard English to Mary is because of Mrs. Medlock’s
power that requires her to speak Standard English to Mary. It can be seen from page
28.
“Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn'tknow what I was sayin'. I mean can't you put on your own clothes?" (Burnett,1998: 28)
In other sides, when Martha talks to Colin, she uses only Standard English.
There are 4 utterances that are spoken by Martha to Colin. The utterances are as
follow.
I have to do what you please, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Everybody has, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Please don’t let her, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Thank you, sir. I want to do my duty, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Those utterances occur in page 154. In that scene, Martha is frightened to be
sent away from Mr. Craven’s house since Mary knows the existence of Colin. As
described before, during his lifetime, Colin never sees anyone accept the servants and
his father. When Martha recognizes that Mary finally knows the existence of Colin,
Martha worries that she will be fired by Mrs. Medlock. In those utterances above,
Martha uses Standard English when talking to Colin. Martha uses pronoun you
instead of tha or thee that she often uses when talking to Mary. Martha always uses
an honorific title sir in every sentence.
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Based on Wardhaugh, address someone by title alone is the least intimate
form address. Knowing and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy.
(Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283)
Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about tu and vous, it can be seen that Martha
shows politeness to his employer, Colin. At that time, since Mary has a lower status
than Colin who has a power, she has to do what her employer tells her to do.
2. Ben
As stated before, Ben is an old Yorkshire man who works as a gardener in Mr.
Archibald Craven’s house.
The old gardener pushed his cap back on his bald head and stared at her aminute. He began to dig again, driving his spade deep into the rich blackgarden soil while the robin hopped about very busily employed. (Burnett,1998: 42)
It is a Yorkshire habit to say what you think with blunt frankness, and old BenWeatherstaff was a Yorkshire moor man. (Burnett, 1998: 43)
Ben is a bachelor and he does not have a house. He lives at the gate.
No. I'm bachelder an' lodge with Martin at th' gate. (Burnett, 1998: 98)
In The Secret Garden novel, Ben speaks 17 utterances using Standard English
and 70 utterances using the Yorkshire dialect. When Ben meets Mary for the first
time, he uses Standard English and then the Yorkshire dialect to talk to Mary. It can
be seen from page 37. In this scene, when Mary goes to the garden, she suddenly
meets Ben walking through the door from the second garden. As described by
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Frances Hodgson Burnett, in this scene, Ben does not like seeing Mary and Mary also
does not like seeing him.
Ben : One o’ th’ kitchen-gardens.Mary : What is this place?Ben : One o' th' kitchen-gardens.Mary : What is that?Ben : Another of 'em. There's another on t' other side o' th' wall an' there's
th' orchard t' other side o' that.Mary : Can I go in them?Ben : If tha' likes. But there's nowt to see.(Burnett, 1998: 37)
In the scene above, it can be seen that at the first¸ in utterance one o’ th’
kitchen-gardens, Ben uses Standard English in talking to Mary and then in utterance
If tha’ likes. But there’s nowt to see, he uses the Yorkshire dialect. In that utterance,
he uses pronoun tha, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb,
and non-Standard vocabulary nowt which means nothing.
In another scene, Ben uses both Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect to
talk to Mary. This scene happened in page 39-40 when Mary feels curious about the
garden that had been locked for 10 years and tells Ben about it.
Mary : I have been into the other gardens.Ben : There was nothin' to prevent thee.Mary : I went into the orchard.Ben : There was no dog at th' door to bite thee.Mary : There was no door there into the other garden.Ben : What garden?Mary : The one on the other side of the wall. There are trees there—I saw
the tops of them. A bird with a red breast was sitting on one of themand he sang.
Ben : Here he is.(Burnett, 1998: 39-40)
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In 1st utterance, there was nothin’ to prevent thee, Ben uses pronoun thee
instead of you. In that utterance, Ben uses Standard English nothing instead of the
Yorshire dialect nowt that he uses in page 39. In second utterance, there was no dog
at th' door to bite thee, Ben also uses pronoun thee. In third and fourth utterance,
what garden and here he is, Ben uses Standard English. He uses Standard English
since he just utters simple clauses.
In The Secret Garden novel, Ben sometimes uses the Yorkshire dialect tha
and sometimes he uses Standard English you. For example is on page 41 and 68.
Ben : Doesn't tha' know? He's a robin redbreast an' they're th' friendliest,curiousest birds alive. They're almost as friendly as dogs—if youknow how to get on with 'em. Watch him peckin' about there an'lookin' round at us now an' again. He knows we're talkin' about him.
(Burnett, 1998: 41)
Ben : These won't grow up in a night, tha'll have to wait for 'em. They'llpoke up a bit higher here, an' push out a spike more there, an' uncurl aleaf this day an' another that. You watch 'em.
(Burnett, 1998: 68)
In two utterances above, Ben uses the Yorkshire dialect tha which means you
and also the Standard you. In utterance on page 41, Ben uses tha in doesn’t tha’ know
and also the Standard you in they’re almost as friendly as dogs—if you know how to
get on with ‘em. In utterance on page 68, Ben uses pronoun tha in these won't grow
up in a night, tha'll have to wait for 'em and pronoun you in you watch 'em.
From the explanation above, it can be seen that Ben modifies his dialect.
Sometimes Ben uses Standard English and sometimes he uses the Yorkshire dialect.
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On page 43, Ben says to Mary that Ben and Mary are alike. In this scene, Ben
tells Mary that he does not have any friends at all. His friend is only a robin redbreast.
Then, Mary replies that she also does not have friends at all. Her servant in India does
not like her and she never plays with anyone. When Mary tells the fact that she also
does not have friends at all, Ben tells Mary that they are the same. In The Secret
Garden novel, Burnett describes that the Yorkshire habit is to tell what you think on
your mind.
“Tha' an' me are a good bit alike. We was wove out of th' same cloth. We'reneither of us good lookin' an' we're both of us as sour as we look. We've gotthe same nasty tempers, both of us, I'll warrant.” (Burnett, 1992: 43)
From the utterance above, it can be seen that Ben thinks that he and Mary are
alike. Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about the distinction of tu and vous, T or tu will
be used in which two people agree that they have common interests, i.e. feeling of
solidarity (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275). From what Ben thinks about Mary, it shows that
he feels solidarity with Mary. Moreover, they also have the same interest about the
robin redbreast. Both Ben and Mary like that bird and always talk about it whenever
they meet. The examples of Ben’s and Mary’s conversation about the robin are as
follow.
Mary : Will he always come when you call him?Ben : Aye, that he will. I've knowed him ever since he was a fledgling. He
come out of th' nest in th' other garden an' when first he flew over th'wall he was too weak to fly back for a few days an' we got friendly.When he went over th' wall again th' rest of th' brood was gone an' hewas lonely an' he come back to me.
Mary : What kind of a bird is he?Ben : Doesn't tha' know? He's a robin redbreast an' they're th' friendliest,
curiousest birds alive. They're almost as friendly as dogs—if you
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know how to get on with 'em. Watch him peckin' about there an'lookin' round at us now an' again. He knows we're talkin' about him.
(Burnett, 1992: 41)
In other sides, when Ben talks to Colin, he also uses a lot of the Yorkshire
dialect rather than Standard English. There are 36 utterances that Ben talks to Colin.
There are 4 utterances that he talks with Standard English and there are 32 utterances
that he talks with the Yorkshire dialect.
On page 99, Ben talks to Mary about how he loves Colin’s mother. When
Colin’s mother lives, Ben works as her gardener and he likes her very much.
"Well, yes, I do. I was learned that by a young lady I was gardener to. She hada lot in a place she was fond of, an' she loved 'em like they was children—orrobins. I've seen her bend over an' kiss 'em." He dragged out another weed andscowled at it. "That were as much as ten year' ago." (Burnett, 1998: 99)
Because of his deep loving to Colin’s mother, he always takes care of roses
that Colin’s mother likes.
“Well, I'd got to like 'em—an' I liked her—an' she liked 'em. Once or twice ayear I'd go an' work at 'em a bit—prune 'em an' dig about th' roots. They runwild, but they was in rich soil, so some of 'em lived.” (Burnett, 1998: 99)
When Ben meets Colin for the first time in page 240, Ben really shocks of
what he sees since Colin’s eyes really look like his mother’s eyes.
How Ben Weatherstaff stared! His red old eyes fixed themselves on what wasbefore him as if he were seeing a ghost. He gazed and gazed and gulped alump down his throat and did not say a word. (Burnett, 1998: 40-41)
"Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi' tha' mother's eyes starin' at me out o' tha'face. Lord knows how tha' come here. But tha'rt th' poor cripple." (Burnett,1998: 241)
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It can be seen that when Ben meets Colin for the first time, he uses the
Yorkshire dialect when talking to Colin. For example is on page 241.
Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi' tha' mother's eyes starin' at me out o' tha'face. Lord knows how tha' come here. But tha'rt th' poor cripple. (Burnett,1998: 241)
Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about the use of tu and vous, it can be seen that
Ben shows solidarity when he talks with the Yorkshire dialect to Colin. According to
Wardhaugh, the use of T shows intimacy. This mutual T for solidarity gradually came
to replace the mutual V of politeness, since solidarity is often more important than
politeness in personal relationship. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275). He shows solidarity
since Colin’s eyes really look like her mother, the woman that Ben loves. Ben and
Colin’s mother are close enough in the past. Ben feels the same with Colin since he is
the son of the person that Ben loves, so he shows the solidarity by using the
Yorkshire dialect.
Yet, in such situations, Ben speaks Standard English to Colin. It can be seen
from page 243, when Colin reminds Ben that he is Ben’s employer and Ben has to
obey him.
"I'm your master when my father is away. And you are to obey me. This is mygarden. Don't dare to say a word about it! You get down from that ladder andgo out to the Long Walk and Miss Mary will meet you and bring you here. Iwant to talk to you. We did not want you, but now you will have to be in thesecret. Be quick!" (Burnett, 1998: 243)
When Colin reminds Ben like that, Ben remembers his position in the house
and then he talks in Standard English.
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"Eh! lad," he almost whispered. "Eh! My lad!" And then remembering himselfhe suddenly touched his hat gardener fashion and said, "Yes, sir! Yes, sir!"and obediently disappeared as he descended the ladder. (Burnett, 1998: 243)
It shows that Ben uses Standard English to show politeness since Colin is his
employer in the house and Ben is required to obey Colin. Based on Wardhaugh, tu
and vous are used based on someone’s social class. The upper classes treat lower
classes with T but received V and it symbolizes a ‘power’ relation (Wardhaugh,
2010: 275). It seems that Colin has a power above Ben who is only a gardener in his
house.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, the conclusion of the research is drawn. This research is a
study on the grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect as seen in Hodgson
Burnett’s The Secret Garden. It wants to show the grammatical features of the
Yorkshire dialect used by Martha and Ben as the character in The Secret Garden
novel and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect
to the children such as Mary and Colin.
Martha and Ben are the character of The Secret Garden novel using the
Yorkshire dialect. Both of them work in Mr. Archibald Craven’s house. Martha
works as a housemaid whereas Ben works as a gardener. In the novel, they use both
the Yorkshire dialect and Standard English when talking to the children.
The first problem contains the type of grammatical features on the Yorkshire
dialect used by Martha and Ben. The writer finds out 35 features. Those features are
divided into 7 such as nouns and pronouns; verbs and auxiliaries; word order; article;
prepositions, conjunctions, and adverb; negatives; and vocabulary.
In nouns and pronouns, the features are pronoun tha, pronoun thee, pronoun
thy, reflective pronoun thysen; thyself, the adding of that in answering yes/no
interrogative sentence, subject pronoun used as a redundant element, 3rd person
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singular subject pronoun him and her, zero plural marker, subject pronoun them and
us, anticipatory pronoun, and reflective pronoun hisself.
In verbs and auxiliaries, the features are the use of –s on non-third-person
singular present-tense verb, pronoun tha + archaic to be (tha’rt) or tha + archaic
modal verb (tha’lt), present progressive tense and past progressive tense be + to +
simple verb, 3rd person and 2nd person plural was/is, unequal verb tenses with
coordinating conjunction and, verb + about, 3rd person singular + simple verb, would
have+ simple verb in conditional sentence type 3, had + simple past in past perfect,
the use of auxiliary verb after none as, seed as a past tense of see, the use of present
tense to describe past event, and 3rd person and 1st person singular were.
In word order, the features are to be comes after subject in interrogative
sentence, little + there is formation, and the absence of subject in interrogative
sentence.
In article, the features are the adding of article a after the apostrophe to show
possession, article a comes before a vowel, article a on 3rd person plural.
In prepositions; conjunctions; and adverb, the features are zero adverbial
marker, and there used as an adjective, and unequal clause level with coordinating
conjunction and. In negative, the feature is double negative. The last, in vocabulary,
the feature is non-Standard vocabulary.
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In verbs and auxiliaries, the common grammatical feature used by Martha and
Ben is the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb with total 61
numbers. Martha shares 39 numbers and Ben shares 22 numbers.
In word order, Martha shares 1 number of little + there is formation. Ben
shares 1 number of to be comes after subject in interrogative sentence and 1 number
of the absence of subject in interrogative sentence.
In article, Martha shares 1 number of the adding of article a after the
apostrophe to show possession, 1 number of article a comes before a vowel, and 1
number of article a on third person plural. In other side, Ben shares no number in
article.
Then, in prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, the common grammatical
feature used by Martha is the use of there used as an adjective. Martha shares 5
numbers. Otherwise, Ben shares no number in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs.
In negatives feature which only has 1 type, double negative, Martha shares 8
numbers and Ben shares 2 numbers.
The last, in vocabulary, Martha shares 13 numbers whereas Ben shares 44
numbers.
The second problem contains Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking
Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin, as children. To be able to
answer the second problem, the writer uses the theory of SPEAKING by Hymes and
also the theory of tu and vous by Wardhaugh.
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When Martha talks to Mary, she talks with the Yorkshire dialect and also
Standard English. She uses the Yorkshire dialect to show solidarity since Martha is
Mary’s housemaid and they are really close. Although at first, Mary does not like
Martha but from time to time, she seems to like Martha. Martha and Mary are close
enough since they often talks about Martha’s mother and also Martha’s little brother,
Dickon. Mary seems to like Martha’s mother and Dickon.
When Martha uses Standard English to Mary, she shows politeness since
Mary is her employer. It can be seen that Martha calls Mary with an honorific title
Miss. Another reason is because Martha is asked by a head of servant, Mrs. Medlock,
to speak with Standard English to Mary. It is seen that Mrs. Medlock’s power
requires her to speak Standard English to Mary.
In other side, when Martha talks to Colin, she always uses Standard English.
She uses Standard English to show politeness to Colin since Colin is her employer.
Since Mary has a lower status than Colin who has a power, she has to do what her
employer tells her to do.
When Ben talks to Mary, he refers to talk with the Yorkshire dialect to show
solidarity with Mary. Ben thinks that he and Mary are alike. Moreover, they also have
the same interest about the robin redbreast. They always talk about the bird whenever
they meet.
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When Ben talks to Colin, he speaks the Yorkshire dialect and Standard
English. He shows solidarity since Colin’s eyes really look like her mother, the
woman that Ben loves. Ben and Colin’s mother are close enough in the past. Ben
feels the same with Colin since he is the son of the person that Ben loves, so he
shows the solidarity by using the Yorkshire dialect. On the other side, when Ben talks
with Standard English, he shows politeness to Colin since Colin is his employer in
the house.
As seen from Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of talking with Standard English
and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin, the writer finds out two uses of dialects
which are solidarity and politeness. The solidarity is shown since two person or even
more feel the same and close enough whereas politeness is shown since someone has
lower social status than the others.
The writer hopes that this research can be useful for those who are interested
in studying the Yorkshire dialect.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Archaic. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com LLC. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/archaic). April 20, 2015.
Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen. Understanding and Using English Grammar.New York: Pearson Education. 2009.
Bellis, H. A Journey Round Britain. London: Collins Clear-Type Press, 1955.
Brewton, John E., R. Stanley Peterson, B. Jo Kinnick, Lois McMullan, Using GoodEnglish, River Forest: Laidlaw Brothers Publishers, 1962.
Burnett, Frances Hodgson. The Secret Garden. London: Penguin Books, 1998.Goodreads. (http://www.goodreads.com/ebooks/download /2998.The_Secret_Garden?doc=28797). December 6, 2013.
Burton, S.H. Mastering English Language. New York: The Macmillan Press, 1982.
Curme, George O. English Grammar. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1966.
Dictionary There. Merriam Webster; an Encyclopedia Britannica Company. MerriamWebster. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/there). April 28, 2015.
Dictionary Thyself. Merriam Webster; an Encyclopedia Britannica Company.Merriam Webster. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thyself).October 16, 2014.
Driscoll, Dana Lynn. Parallel Structure. Online Writing Lab. Purdue University.March 22, 2013. (owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/01). April 30,2015.
Fasold, Ralph W and Jeff Connor-Linton. An Introduction to Language andLinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Finch, Geoffrey. Linguistics Terms and Concept. New York: St. Martin Press, 2000.
Fox, Anthony Mary. “The Controversy Goes On: Standard English vs. the BlackDialect” The Clearing House Vol. 47. No. 4 (1972): p. 204-208. Jstor For-
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Profit Academic Arts & Sciences VI Collection.(www.jstor.org/stable/30185995). April 1, 2014.
Geordie Grammar. The British Library. The British Library Board.(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/grammar/,September 30, 2014.
Herk, Gerard Van. What Is Sociolinguistics. Chichester: Blackwell, 2012.
Hymes, Dell. Foundations in Sociolinguistics: an ethnographic approach.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 1974.
Kruisinga, E. A Handbook of Present-day English; English Accidence and Syntax.Utrecht: Kemink & Zoon. 1915.
Lissummon. The British Library. The British Library Board.(www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/ni/lissummon). October 27,2014.
Moore, Andrew. English varieties of the British Isles. Andrew Moore’s teachingresource site. (www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/britishisles). March 12,2014.
Nordquist, Richard. “Grammatical Category”. About education. (grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammaticalcategory.htm). August 4, 2015.
Question in the Simple Present, Question with do, does. Englisch-hilfen.de.(http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/frage4.htm). October 8, 2014.
Quirk, Randolph. A University Grammar of English. Harlow: Longman GroupLimited, 1973.
Rolfey. Tha. Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary LLC. June 29, 2006.(http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Tha). October 16, 2014.
Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
The Oxford American Dictionary and Thesaurus. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 2003.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
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Widyatmoko, Ignatius Bagus. English Negation as a Dialect Feature in TomSawyer’s Speech in Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 1999.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Martha’s utterances to Mary and Colin
No. References Speaking To Utterances Standardor Non
Standard
Feature
1 25 Mary That there? NonStandard
There used as an adjective
2 25 Mary That's th' moor. Does tha' like it? NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
3 26 Mary That's because tha'rt not used to it.Tha' thinks it's too big an' barenow. But tha' will like it.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic tobe, the use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun tha
4 26 Mary Aye, that I do. I just love it. It'snone bare. It's covered wi' growin'things as smells sweet. It's fairlovely in spring an' summer whenth' gorse an' broom an' heather's inflower. It smells o' honey an' there'ssuch a lot o' fresh air—an' th' skylooks so high an' th' bees an'skylarks makes such a nice noisehummin' an' singin'. Eh! I wouldn'tlive away from th' moor foranythin'.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,the adding of that inanswering yes/nointerrogative sentence, theuse of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb
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5 27 Mary Eh! I know that. If there was agrand Missus at Misselthwaite Ishould never have been even one ofth' under housemaids. I might havebeen let to be scullery-maid but I'dnever have been let up-stairs. I'mtoo common an' I talk too muchYorkshire. But this is a funny housefor all it's so grand. Seems likethere's neither Master nor Mistressexcept Mr. Pitcher an' Mrs.Medlock. Mr. Craven, he won't betroubled about anythin' when he'shere, an' he's nearly always away.Mrs. Medlock gave me th' place outo' kindness. She told me she couldnever have done it if Misselthwaitehad been like other big houses.
Standard -
6 27 Mary I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An'she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to dothe housemaid's work up here an'wait on you a bit. But you won'tneed much waitin' on.
NonStandard
Present Progressive Tensebe + to + simple verb
7 27 Mary Canna' tha' dress thysen! NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,pronoun tha, reflectivepronoun thysen
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8 27 Mary Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told meI'd have to be careful or youwouldn't know what I was sayin'. Imean can't you put on your ownclothes?
Standard -
9 28 Mary Well, it's time tha' should learn.Tha' cannot begin younger. It'll dothee good to wait on thysen a bit.My mother always said she couldn'tsee why grand people's childrendidn't turn out fair fools—what withnurses an' bein' washed an' dressedan' took out to walk as if they waspuppies!
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, third personplural was, reflectivepronoun thysen
10 28 Mary Eh! I can see it's different. I daresay it's because there's such a lot o'blacks there instead o' respectablewhite people. When I heard youwas comin' from India I thoughtyou was a black too.
NonStandard
Second person plural was
11 28-29 Mary Who are you callin' names? Youneedn't be so vexed. That's not th'way for a young lady to talk. I'venothin' against th' blacks. When youread about 'em in tracts they'realways very religious. You alwaysread as a black's a man an' abrother. I've never seen a black an'I was fair pleased to think I was
NonStandard
The adding of article aafter possessive, zeroadverbial marker, secondperson plural was
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goin' to see one close. When I comein to light your fire this mornin' Icrep' up to your bed an' pulled th'cover back careful to look at you.An' there you was no more blackthan me—for all you're so yeller.
12 29 Mary Eh! you mustn't cry like that there!You mustn't for sure. I didn't knowyou'd be vexed. I don't knowanythin' about anythin'—just likeyou said. I beg your pardon, Miss.Do stop cryin'.
NonStandard
There used as an adjective
13 30 Mary It's time for thee to get up now.Mrs. Medlock said I was to carrytha' breakfast an' tea an' dinner intoth' room next to this. It's been madeinto a nursery for thee. I'll help theeon with thy clothes if tha'll get outo' bed. If th' buttons are at th' backtha' cannot button them up tha'self.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pastprogressive tense be + to+ simple verb, pronountha, pronoun thy,anticipatory pronoun
14 30 Mary These are th' ones tha' must put on.Mr. Craven ordered Mrs. Medlockto get 'em in London. He said 'Iwon't have a child dressed in blackwanderin' about like a lost soul,'he said. 'It'd make the place sadderthan it is. Put color on her.' Mothershe said she knew what he meant.Mother always knows what a body
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, subjectpronoun used as aredundant element, verb +about, anticipatorypronoun
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means. She doesn't hold with blackhersel'.
15 30 Mary Why doesn't tha' put on tha' ownshoes?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
16 32 Mary Eh! You should see 'em all. There'stwelve of us an' my father only getssixteen shilling a week. I can tellyou my mother's put to it to getporridge for 'em all. They tumbleabout on th' moor an' play there allday an' mother says th' air of th'moor fattens 'em. She says shebelieves they eat th' grass same asth' wild ponies do. Our Dickon, he'stwelve years old and he's got ayoung pony he calls his own.
NonStandard
Third person plural is,verb + about
17 32 Mary He found it on th' moor with itsmother when it was a little one an'he began to make friends with it an'give it bits o' bread an' pluck younggrass for it. And it got to like himso it follows him about an' it letshim get on its back. Dickon's a kindlad an' animals likes him.
NonStandard
Unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand, verb + about, the useof –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
18 33 Mary Tha' doesn't want thy porridge! NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronoun thy,the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-
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tense verb19 33 Mary Tha' doesn't know how good it is.
Put a bit o' treacle on it or a bit o'sugar.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
20 33 Mary Eh! I can't abide to see goodvictuals go to waste. If ourchildren was at this table they'dclean it bare in five minutes.
NonStandard
Third person plural was
21 33 Mary Why! Because they scarce ever hadtheir stomachs full in their lives.They're as hungry as young hawksan' foxes.
Standard -
22 33 Mary Well, it would do thee good to tryit. I can see that plain enough. I'veno patience with folk as sits an' juststares at good bread an' meat. Myword! don't I wish Dickon and Philan' Jane an' th' rest of 'em hadwhat's here under their pinafores.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee
23 33-34 Mary It's not mine. An' this isn't my dayout. I get my day out once a monthsame as th' rest. Then I go home an'clean up for mother an' give her aday's rest.
Standard -
24 34 Mary You wrap up warm an' run out an'play you. It'll do you good and giveyou some stomach for your meat.
NonStandard
Subject pronoun used as aredundant element
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25 34 Mary Well, if tha' doesn't go out tha'lthave to stay in, an' what has tha'got to do?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha+ archaic modal verb(tha’lt), the use of –s onnon-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
26 34 Mary You'll go by yourself. You'll haveto learn to play like other childrendoes when they haven't got sistersand brothers. Our Dickon goes offon th' moor by himself an' plays forhours. That's how he made friendswith th' pony. He's got sheep on th'moor that knows him, an' birds ascomes an' eats out of his hand.However little there is to eat, healways saves a bit o' his bread tocoax his pets.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, little +there is formation
27 35 Mary If tha' goes round that way tha'llcome to th' gardens. There's lots o'flowers in summer-time, but there'snothin' bloomin' now. One of th'gardens is locked up. No one hasbeen in it for ten years.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, third person plural is
28 35 Mary Mr. Craven had it shut when hiswife died so sudden. He won't letno one go inside. It was her garden.He locked th' door an' dug a holeand buried th' key. There's Mrs.Medlock's bell ringing—I must run.
NonStandard
Double negative
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29 47 Mary Tha' got on well enough with thatthis mornin', didn't tha'?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha
30 47 Mary It's th' air of th' moor that's givin'thee stomach for tha' victuals. It'slucky for thee that tha's gotvictuals as well as appetite. There'sbeen twelve in our cottage as hadth' stomach an' nothin' to put in it.You go on playin' you out o' doorsevery day an' you'll get some fleshon your bones an' you won't be soyeller.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pronountha, the use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, subjectpronoun used as aredundant element
31 47 Mary Nothin' to play with! Our childrenplays with sticks and stones. Theyjust runs about an' shouts an' looksat things.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, verb +about
32 51 Mary Art tha' thinkin' about that gardenyet? I knew tha' would. That wasjust the way with me when I firstheard about it.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (art tha’), pronoun tha
33 51 Mary Listen to th' wind wutherin' roundthe house. You could bare stand upon the moor if you was out on it to-night.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,Second person plural was
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34 51-52 Mary Mind. Mrs. Medlock said it's not tobe talked about. There's lots o'things in this place that's not to betalked over. That's Mr. Craven'sorders. His troubles are noneservants' business, he says. But forth' garden he wouldn't be like he is.It was Mrs. Craven's garden that shehad made when first they weremarried an' she just loved it, an'they used to 'tend the flowersthemselves. An' none o' th'gardeners was ever let to go in.Him an' her used to go in an' shutth' door an' stay there hours an'hours, readin' an' talkin'. An' shewas just a bit of a girl an' there wasan old tree with a branch bent like aseat on it. An' she made roses growover it an' she used to sit there. Butone day when she was sittin' thereth' branch broke an' she fell on th'ground an' was hurt so bad that nextday she died. Th' doctors thoughthe'd go out o' his mind an' die, too.That's why he hates it. No one'snever gone in since, an' he won't letany one talk about it.
NonStandard
Third person plural is,anticipatory pronoun,third person singularsubject him and her,double negative
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35 53 Mary No. It's th' wind. Sometimes itsounds like as if some one was loston th' moor an' wailin'. It's got allsorts o' sounds.
Standard -
36 53 Mary It was th' wind. An' if it wasn't, itwas little Betty Butterworth, th'scullerymaid. She's had th'toothache all day.
Standard -
37 55 Mary Try to keep from under each other'sfeet mostly. Eh! there does seem alot of us then. Mother's a good-tempered woman but she gets fairmothered. The biggest ones goesout in th' cowshed and plays there.Dickon he doesn't mind th' wet. Hegoes out just th' same as if th' sunwas shinin'. He says he sees thingson rainy days as doesn't show whenit's fair weather. He once found alittle fox cub half drowned in itshole and he brought it home in th'bosom of his shirt to keep it warm.Its mother had been killed nearbyan' th' hole was swum out an' th' resto' th' litter was dead. He's got it athome now. He found a half-drowned young crow another timean' he brought it home, too, an'tamed it. It's named Soot because
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, verb +about
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it's so black, an' it hops an' fliesabout with him everywhere.
38 56 Mary Can tha' knit? NonStandard
Pronoun tha
39 56 Mary Can tha' sew? NonStandard
Pronoun tha
40 56 Mary Can tha' read? NonStandard
Pronoun tha
41 56 Mary Then why doesn't tha' readsomethin', or learn a bit o' spellin'?Tha'st old enough to be learnin' thybook a good bit now.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, pronoun tha +archaic modal verb(tha’st), pronoun thy
42 56 Mary That's a pity. If Mrs. Medlock'd letthee go into th' library, there'sthousands o' books there.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, third personplural is
43 57 Mary Hasn't tha' got good sense? SusanAnn is twice as sharp as thee an'she's only four year' old. Sometimestha' looks fair soft in th' head.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun thee, pronoun tha
44 64 Mary Aye. Th' storm's over for a bit. Itdoes like this at this time o' th' year.It goes off in a night like it waspretendin' it had never been here an'never meant to come again. That'sbecause th' springtime's on its way.It's a long way off yet, but it's
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
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comin'.
45 64 Mary Eh! no! Nowt o' th' soart! NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
46 65 Mary There now. I've talked broadYorkshire again like Mrs. Medlocksaid I mustn't. 'Nowt o' th' soart'means 'nothin'-of-the-sort, but ittakes so long to say it. Yorkshire'sth' sunniest place on earth when it issunny. I told thee tha'd like th'moor after a bit. Just you wait tillyou see th' gold-colored gorseblossoms an' th' blossoms o' th'broom, an' th' heather flowerin', allpurple bells, an' hundreds o'butterflies flutterin' an' beeshummin' an' skylarks soarin' up an'singin'. You'll want to get out on itat sunrise an' live out on it all daylike Dickon does.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
47 65 Mary I don't know. Tha's never usedtha' legs since tha' was born, itseems to me. Tha' couldn't walkfive mile. It's five mile to ourcottage.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, second person pluralwas, zero plural marker
48 66 Mary I'll ask my mother about it. She'sone o' them that nearly always seesa way to do things. It's my day outto-day an' I'm goin' home. Eh! I am
Standard -
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glad. Mrs. Medlock thinks a lot o'mother. Perhaps she could talk toher.
49 66 Mary I should think tha' did. NonStandard
Pronoun tha
50 66 Mary No, tha' hasn't. Nonstandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
51 66 Mary Well, she's that sensible an' hardworkin' an' good-natured an' cleanthat no one could help likin' herwhether they'd seen her or not.When I'm goin' home to her on myday out I just jump for joy when I'mcrossin' th' moor.
Standard -
52 66 Mary Well. I've told thee that th' verybirds likes him an' th' rabbits an'wild sheep an' ponies, an' th' foxesthemselves. I wonder what Dickonwould think of thee?
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, the use of –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, anticipatory pronoun
53 67 Mary How does tha' like thysel'? NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, reflective pronounthyself
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54 67 Mary Mother said that to me once. Shewas at her wash-tub an' I was in abad temper an' talkin' ill of folk, an'she turns round on me an' says:'Tha' young vixon, tha'! There tha'stand sayin' tha' doesn't like thisone an' tha' doesn't like that one.How does tha' like thysel'?' Itmade me laugh an' it brought me tomy senses in a minute.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, unequal verbtense with coordinatingconjunction and, the useof –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, reflective pronounthyself
55 73 Mary I got up at four o'clock. Eh! it waspretty on th' moor with th' birdsgettin' up an' th' rabbits scamperin'about an' th' sun risin'. I didn't walkall th' way. A man gave me a ride inhis cart an' I can tell you I did enjoymyself.
NonStandard
Verb + about, unequalverb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand
56 74 Mary I had 'em all pipin' hot when theycame in from playin' on th' moor.An' th' cottage all smelt o' nice,clean hot bakin' an' there was agood fire, an' they just shouted forjoy. Our Dickon he said our cottagewas good enough for a king to livein.
Standard -
57 74 Mary Eh! they did like to hear about you.They wanted to know all about th'blacks an' about th' ship you camein. I couldn't tell 'em enough.
Standard -
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88
58 74 Mary My word! It would set 'em cleanoff their heads. Would tha' reallydo that, Miss? It would be same as awild beast show like we heard theyhad in York once.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, third personsingular + simple verb
59 75 Mary Why, our Dickon's eyes nearlystarted out o' his head, they got thatround. But mother, she was put outabout your seemin' to be all byyourself like. She said, 'Hasn't Mr.Craven got no governess for her,nor no nurse?' and I said, 'No, hehasn't, though Mrs. Medlock sayshe will when he thinks of it, but shesays he mayn't think of it for two orthree years.'
Standard -
60 75 Mary But mother says you ought to belearnin' your book by this time an'you ought to have a woman to lookafter you, an' she says: 'Now,Martha, you just think how you'dfeel yourself, in a big place likethat, wanderin'about all alone, an'no mother. You do your best tocheer her up,' she says, an' I said Iwould.
NonStandard
Verb + about
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
89
61 75-76 Mary What does tha' think. I've broughtthee a present. A man was drivin'across the moor peddlin'. An' hestopped his cart at our door. He hadpots an' pans an' odds an' ends, butmother had no money to buyanythin'. Just as he was goin' awayour 'Lizabeth Ellen called out,'Mother, he's gotskippin'-ropes withred an' blue handles.' An' mothershe calls out quite sudden, 'Here,stop, mister! How much are they?'An' he says 'Tuppence,' an' mothershe began fumblin' in her pocket an'she says to me, 'Martha, tha'sbrought me thy wages like a goodlass, an' I've got four places to putevery penny, but I'm just goin' totake tuppence out of it to buy thatchild a skippin'-rope,' an' she boughtone an' here it is.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun tha, pronounthee, pronoun thy
62 76 Mary For! Does tha' mean that they'venot got skippin'-ropes in India, forall they've got elephants and tigersand camels! No wonder most of'em's black. This is what it's for;just watch me.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun tha, third personplural is
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
90
63 77 Mary I could skip longer than that. I'veskipped as much as five hundredwhen I was twelve, but I wasn't asfat then as I am now, an' I was inpractice.
Standard -
64 77 Mary You just try it. You can't skip ahundred at first, but if you practiseyou'll mount up. That's what mothersaid. She says, 'Nothin' will do hermore good than skippin' rope. It's th'sensiblest toy a child can have. Lether play out in th' fresh air skippin'an' it'll stretch her legs an' arms an'give her some strength in 'em.'
Standard -
65 77 Mary Put on tha' things and run an' skipout o' doors. Mother said I must tellyou to keep out o' doors as much asyou could, even when it rains a bit,so as tha' wrap up warm.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha
66 78 Mary Eh! tha' art a queer, old-womanishthing. If tha'd been our 'LizabethEllen tha'd have give me a kiss.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (tha art), pronoun tha,would have + simple verbin conditional sentencetype 3
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
91
67 78 Mary Nay, not me. If tha' was different,p'raps tha'd want to thysel'. Buttha' isn't. Run off outside an' playwith thy rope.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,pronoun tha, secondperson plural was,reflective pronoun thyself,second person plural is,pronoun thy
68 86 Mary Two pieces o' meat an' two helps o'rice puddin'! Eh! mother will bepleased when I tell her what th'skippin'-rope's done for thee.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee
69 87 Mary They're bulbs. Lots o' springflowers grow from 'em. Th' verylittle ones are snowdrops an'crocuses an' th' big ones arenarcissusis an' jonquils an'daffydowndillys. Th' biggest of allis lilies an' purple flags. Eh! theyare nice. Dickon's got a whole lot of'em planted in our bit o' garden.
NonStandard
Third person plural is
70 87 Mary Our Dickon can make a flowergrow out of a brick walk. Mothersays he just whispers things out o'th' ground.
NonStandard
Third person singular+simple verb
71 87 Mary They're things as helps themselves.That's why poor folk can afford tohave 'em. If you don't trouble 'em,most of 'em'll work awayunderground for a lifetime an'spread out an' have little 'uns.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, thirdperson is, third person was
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
92
There's a place in th' park woodshere where there's snowdrops bythousands. They're the prettiestsight in Yorkshire when th' springcomes. No one knows when theywas first planted.
72 88 Mary Whatever does tha' want a spadefor? Art tha' goin' to take todiggin'? I must tell mother that, too.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, pronoun tha +archaic to be (art tha)
73 88-89 Mary There now! If that wasn't one of th'things mother said. She says,'There's such a lot o' room in thatbig place, why don't they give her abit for herself, even if she doesn'tplant nothin' but parsley an'radishes? She'd dig an' rake awayan' be right down happy over it.'Them was the very words she said.
NonStandard
Double negative, subjectpronoun them
74 89 Mary Eh! It's like she says: 'A woman asbrings up twelve children learnssomething besides her A B C.Children's as good as 'rithmetic toset you findin' out things.'
NonStandard
Third person plural is
75 89 Mary Well at Thwaite village there's ashop or so an' I saw little gardensets with a spade an' a rake an' afork all tied together for two
NonStandard
Unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand, third person pluralwas
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
93
shillings. An' they was stoutenough to work with, too.
76 89 Mary Did he remember thee that much? NonStandard
Pronoun thee
77 89 Mary My word! that's riches. Tha' canbuy anything in th' world tha'wants. Th' rent of our cottage isonly one an' three pence an' it's likepullin' eye-teeth to get it. Now I'vejust thought of somethin'.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
78 90 Mary In the shop at Thwaite they sellpackages o' flower-seeds for apenny each, and our Dickon heknows which is th' prettiest onesan' how to make 'em grow. Hewalks over to Thwaite many a dayjust for th' fun of it. Does tha' knowhow to print letters?
NonStandard
Third person plural is, theuse of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, pronoun tha
79 90 Mary Our Dickon can only read printin'.If tha' could print we could write aletter to him an' ask him to go an'buy th' garden tools an' th' seeds atth' same time.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, unequal verbtense with coordinatingconjunction and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
94
80 90 Mary I've got some of my own. I bought'em so I could print a bit of a letterto mother of a Sunday. I'll go andget it.
Standard -
81 91 Mary We'll put the money in th' envelopean' I'll get th' butcher's boy to take itin his cart. He's a great friend o'Dickon's.
Standard -
82 91 Mary He'll bring 'em to you himself. He'lllike to walk over this way.
NonStandard
Anticipatory pronoun
83 92 Mary Does tha' want to see him? NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
84 92 Mary Now to think. To think o' meforgettin' that there; an' I thought Iwas goin' to tell you first thing thismornin'. I asked mother—and shesaid she'd ask Mrs. Medlock herown self.
NonStandard
There used as anadjective, anticipatorypronoun
85 92 Mary What I said Tuesday. Ask her if youmight be driven over to our cottagesome day and have a bit o' mother'shot oat cake, an' butter, an' a glass o'milk.
Standard -
86 92 Mary Aye, she thinks she would. Sheknows what a tidy woman mother isand how clean she keeps thecottage.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
95
87 93 Mary What makes thee ask that? NonStandard
Pronoun thee, the use of –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
88 93 Mary Eh! Tha' mustn't go walkin' aboutin corridors an' listenin'. Mr. Cravenwould be that there angry there'sno knowin' what he'd do.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, verb +about, there used as anadjective
89 93 Mary My word! There's Mrs. Medlock'sbell.
Standard -
90 120 Mary Tha's a bit late. Where has tha'been?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, third personplural is, the use of –s onnon-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
91 120 Mary I knew he'd come. How does tha'like him?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
92 120 Mary Well, he's th' best lad as ever wasborn, but us never thought he washandsome. His nose turns up toomuch.
NonStandard
Subject pronoun us
93 120 Mary An’ his eyes is so round. Thoughthey’re a nice color.
NonStandard
Third person plural is,article a on third personplural
94 120 Mary Mother says she made 'em thatcolor with always lookin' up at th'birds an' th' clouds. But he has got abig mouth, hasn't he, now?
Standard -
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
96
95 121 Mary It'd look rare an' funny in thy bit ofa face. But I knowed it would bethat way when tha' saw him. Howdid tha' like th' seeds an' th' gardentools?
NonStandard
Pronoun thy, pronoun tha
96 121 Mary Eh! I never thought of him notbringin' 'em. He'd be sure to bring'em if they was in Yorkshire. He'ssuch a trusty lad.
NonStandard
Third person plural was
97 121 Mary Who did tha' ask about it? NonStandard
Pronoun tha
98 121 Mary Well, I wouldn't ask th' headgardener. He's too grand, Mr. Roachis.
Standard -
99 121 Mary If I was you, I'd ask BenWeatherstaff. He's not half as bad ashe looks, for all he's so crabbed. Mr.Craven lets him do what he likesbecause he was here when Mrs.Craven was alive, an' he used tomake her laugh. She liked him.Perhaps he'd find you a cornersomewhere out o' the way.
Standard -
100 122 Mary There wouldn't be no reason. Youwouldn't do no harm.
NonStandard
Double negative
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
97
101 122 Mary I've got somethin' to tell you. Ithought I'd let you eat your dinnerfirst. Mr. Craven came back thismornin' and I think he wants to seeyou.
NonStandard
Unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand
102 122 Mary Well. Mrs. Medlock says it'sbecause o' mother. She was walkin'to Thwaite village an' she met him.She'd never spoke to him before,but Mrs. Craven had been to ourcottage two or three times. He'dforgot, but mother hadn't an' shemade bold to stop him. I don't knowwhat she said to him about you butshe said somethin' as put him in th'mind to see you before he goesaway again, to-morrow.
NonStandard
Had + simple past in PastPerfect
103 122 Mary He's goin' for a long time. Hemayn't come back till autumn orwinter. He's goin' to travel inforeign places. He's always doin' it.
Standard -
104 129 Mary Eh! that was nice of him wasn't it? Standard -105 131 Mary Eh! never knew our Dickon was as
clever as that. That there's a pictureof a missel thrush on her nest, aslarge as life an' twice as natural.
NonStandard
There used as anadjective, Non Standardvocabulary
106 148 Mary What's the matter with thee? Tha'looks as if tha'd somethin' to say.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pronountha, the use of –s on non-third-person singular
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
98
present-tense verb
107 148 Mary Tha' hasn't! Never! NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
108 148 Mary Eh! Miss Mary! Tha' shouldn'thave done it—tha' shouldn't! Tha'llget me in trouble. I never told theenothin' about him—but tha'll getme in trouble. I shall lose my placeand what'll mother do!
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronounthee, double negative
109 149 Mary Was he? Art tha' sure? Tha'doesn't know what he's like whenanything vexes him. He's a big ladto cry like a baby, but when he's ina passion he'll fair scream just tofrighten us. He knows us daren't callour souls our own.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (art tha), the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb
110 149 Mary I can scarcely believe thee! It's as iftha'd walked straight into a lion'sden. If he'd been like he is mosttimes he'd have throwed himselfinto one of his tantrums and rousedth' house. He won't let strangerslook at him.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
99
111 149 Mary I don't know what to do! If Mrs.Medlock finds out, she'll think Ibroke orders and told thee and Ishall be packed back to mother.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee
112 149 Mary Aye, that's true enough—th' badlad!
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
113 150 Mary Me! I shall lose my place—I shallfor sure!
Standard -
114 150 Mary Does tha' mean to say that he wasnice to thee!
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronounthee, the use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
115 150 Mary Then tha' must have bewitchedhim!
Standard Pronoun tha
116 150 Mary Th' world's comin' to a end! NonStandard
Article a comes before avowel
117 150-151 Mary Nobody knows for sure and certain.Mr. Craven went off his head likewhen he was born. Th' doctorsthought he'd have to be put ina'sylum. It was because Mrs.Craven died like I told you. Hewouldn't set eyes on th' baby. Hejust raved and said it'd be anotherhunchback like him and it'd betterdie.
Standard -
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
100
118 151 Mary He isn't yet. But he began all wrong.Mother said that there was enoughtrouble and raging in th' house to setany child wrong. They was afraidhis back was weak an' they'vealways been takin' care of it—keepin' him lyin' down and notlettin' him walk. Once they madehim wear a brace but he fretted sohe was downright ill. Then a bigdoctor came to see him an' madethem take it off. He talked to th'other doctor quite rough—in apolite way. He said there'd been toomuch medicine and too much lettin'him have his own way.
NonStandard
Third person plural was
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
101
119 151 Mary He's th' worst young nowt as everwas! I won't say as he hasn't been illa good bit. He's had coughs an'colds that's nearly killed him two orthree times. Once he had rheumaticfever an' once he had typhoid. Eh!Mrs. Medlock did get a fright then.He'd been out of his head an' shewas talkin' to th' nurse, thinkin' hedidn't know nothin', an' she said,'He'll die this time sure enough, an'_best thing for him an' foreverybody.' An' she looked at himan' there he was with his big eyesopen, starin' at her as sensible as shewas herself. She didn't know what'dhappen but he just stared at her an'says, 'You give me some water an'stop talkin'.'
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,double negative, theabsence of subject in anindependent clause oncompound sentence,anticipatory pronoun,unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand
120 152 Mary Mother says there's no reason whyany child should live that gets nofresh air an' doesn't do nothin' butlie on his back an' read picture-books an' take medicine. He's weakand hates th' trouble o' bein' takenout o' doors, an' he gets cold so easyhe says it makes him ill.
NonStandard
Double negative
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
102
121 152 Mary One of th' worst fits he ever hadwas one time they took him outwhere the roses is by the fountain.He'd been readin' in a paper aboutpeople gettin' somethin' he called'rose cold' an' he began to sneeze an'said he'd got it an' then a newgardener as didn't know th' rulespassed by an' looked at himcurious. He threw himself into apassion an' he said he'd looked athim because he was going to be ahunchback. He cried himself into afever an' was ill all night.
NonStandard
Third person plural is,zero adverbial marker,anticipatory pronoun
122 152 Mary He'll have thee if he wants thee.Tha' may as well know that at th'start.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
123 152 Mary I dare say th' nurse wants me to staywith him a bit, I hope he's in a goodtemper.
Standard -
124 153 Mary Well, tha' has bewitched him. He'sup on his sofa with his picture-books. He's told the nurse to stayaway until six o'clock. I'm to waitin the next room. Th' minute shewas gone he called me to him an'says, 'I want Mary Lennox to comeand talk to me, and rememberyou're not to tell any one.' You'd
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, Present ProgressiveTense be + to + simpleverb, unequal verb tensewith coordinatingconjunction and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
103
better go as quick as you can.
125 154 Colin I have to do what you please, sir. Standard -126 154 Colin Everybody has, sir. Standard -127 154 Colin Please don't let her, sir. Standard -128 154 Colin Thank you, sir, I want to do my
duty, sir.Standard -
129 164 Mary Th' air from th' moor has done theegood already. Tha'rt not nigh soyeller and tha'rt not nigh soscrawny. Even tha' hair doesn'tslamp down on tha' head so flat.It'sgot some life in it so as it sticks outa bit.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha+ archaic to be (tha’rt),pronoun tha, NonStandard vocabulary
130 164 Mary It looks it, for sure. Tha'rt not halfso ugly when it's that way an' there'sa bit o' red in tha' cheeks.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (tha’rt), pronoun tha
131 178 Mary Eh! Miss Mary it may put him allout of humor when I tell him that.
Standard -
132 180 Mary Eh! I wish tha'd gone. He was nighgoin' into one o' his tantrums.There's been a nice to do allafternoon to keep him quiet. Hewould watch the clock all th' time.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha
133 185 Mary Mr. Craven sent it to you. It looksas if it had picture-books in it.
Standard -
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
104
Appendix 2: Ben’s utterances to Mary and Colin
No. References SpeakingTo
Utterances Standardor Non
Standard
Feature
1 37 Mary One o' th' kitchen-gardens. Standard -2 37 Mary Another of 'em. There's another on
t'other side o' th' wall an' there's th'orchard t'other side o' that.
Standard -
3 37 Mary If tha' likes. But there's nowt tosee.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, NonStandard vocabulary
4 39 Mary There was nothin' to prevent thee. NonStandard
Pronoun thee
5 39 Mary There was no dog at th' door to bitethee.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee
6 39 Mary What garden? Standard -7 40 Mary Here he is. Standard -8 41 Mary Aye, that he will. I've knowed him
ever since he was a fledgling. Hecome out of th' nest in th' othergarden an' when first he flew overth' wall he was too weak to fly backfor a few days an' we got friendly.When he went over th' wall againth' rest of th' brood was gone an' hewas lonely an' he come back to me.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,The adding of that inanswering yes/nointerrogative sentence,unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
105
9 41 Mary Doesn't tha' know? He's a robinredbreast an' they're th' friendliest,curiousest birds alive. They'realmost as friendly as dogs—if youknow how to get on with 'em.Watch him peckin' about there an'lookin' round at us now an' again.He knows we're talkin' about him.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, verb +about
10 41 Mary He's a conceited one. He likes tohear folk talk about him. An'curious—bless me, there never washis like for curiosity an' meddlin'.He's always comin' to see what I'mplantin'. He knows all th' thingsMester Craven never troubleshissel' to find out. He's th' headgardener, he is.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,reflective pronoun hisself
11 42 Mary There's no knowin'. The old onesturn 'em out o' their nest an' make'em fly an' they're scattered beforeyou know it. This one was aknowin' one an' he knew he waslonely.
Standard -
12 42 Mary Art tha' th' little wench fromIndia?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be(art tha)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
106
13 42 Mary Then no wonder tha'rt lonely.Tha'lt be lonelier before tha'sdone.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be (tha art),pronoun tha + archaicmodal verb (tha’lt), the useof –s on non-third-personsingular present-tense verb
14 42 Mary Ben Weatherstaff. I'm lonelymysel' except when he's with me.He's th' only friend I've got.
NonStandard
Anticipatory pronoun
15 43 Mary Tha' an' me are a good bit alike.We was wove out of th' same cloth.We're neither of us good lookin'an' we're both of us as sour as welook. We've got the same nastytempers, both of us, I'll warrant.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, third personplural was, anticipatorypronoun
16 43 Mary He's made up his mind to makefriends with thee. Dang me if hehasn't took a fancy to thee.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee
17 44 Mary Why tha' said that as nice an'human as if tha' was a real childinstead of a sharp old woman. Tha'said it almost like Dickon talks tohis wild things on th' moor.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, third personplural was
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
107
18 44 Mary Everybody knows him. Dickon'swanderin' about everywhere. Th'very blackberries an'heatherbells knows him. I warrantth' foxes shows him where theircubs lies an' th' skylarks doesn'thide their nests from him.
NonStandard
Verb + about, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
19 45 Mary He lives there. He came out o' th'egg there. If he's courtin', he'smakin' up to some young madamof a robin that lives among th' oldrose-trees there.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb
20 45 Mary There was ten year' ago. NonStandard
Third person plural was(toanswer Mary’s question Arethere rose-trees?)
21 45 Mary There was ten year' ago, but thereisn't now.
Standard -
22 45 Mary None as any one can find, an' noneas is anyone's business. Don't yoube a meddlesome wench an' pokeyour nose where it's no cause to go.Here, I must go on with my work.Get you gone an' play you. I've nomore time.
NonStandard
The use of auxiliary verbafter none as, subjectpronoun redundant
23 68 Mary Springtime's comin'. Cannot tha'smell it?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
108
24 68 Mary That's th' good rich earth. It's in agood humor makin' ready to growthings. It's glad when plantin' timecomes. It's dull in th' winter whenit's got nowt to do. In th' flowergardens out there things will bestirrin' down below in th' dark. Th'sun's warmin' 'em. You'll see bits o'green spikes stickin' out o' th' blackearth after a bit.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
25 68 Mary Crocuses an' snowdrops an'daffydowndillys. Has tha' neverseen them?
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, pronoun tha
26 68 Mary These won't grow up in a night,tha'll have to wait for 'em. They'llpoke up a bit higher here, an' pushout a spike more there, an' uncurl aleaf this day an' another that. Youwatch 'em.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha
27 69 Mary Remembers thee! He knows everycabbage stump in th' gardens, letalone th' people. He's never seen alittle wench here before, an' he'sbent on findin' out all about thee.Tha's no need to try to hideanything from him.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, pronoun thee,pronoun tha, third personplural is
28 69 Mary What garden? Standard -
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
109
29 69 Mary Ask him. He's the only one asknows. No one else has seen insideit for ten year'.
Standard -
30 79 Mary Well! Upon my word! P'raps tha'art a young 'un, after all, an' p'rapstha's got child's blood in thy veinsinstead of sour buttermilk. Tha'sskipped red into thy cheeks as sureas my name's Ben Weatherstaff. Iwouldn't have believed tha' coulddo it.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be (tha art),pronoun thy, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
31 79 Mary Tha' keep on. Tha' shapes wellenough at it for a young 'un that'slived with heathen. Just see howhe's watchin' thee. He followedafter thee yesterday. He'll be at itagain to-day. He'll be bound to findout what th' skippin'-rope is. He'snever seen one.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, pronounthee
32 96 Mary Tha'rt like th' robin. I never knowswhen I shall see thee or which sidetha'll come from.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha art), the use of –s onnon-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, pronounthee, pronoun tha
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33 96 Mary That's like him. Makin' up to th'women folk just for vanity an'flightiness. There's nothin' hewouldn't do for th' sake o' showin'off an' flirtin' his tail-feathers. He'sas full o' pride as an egg's full o'meat.
Standard -
34 96 Mary How long has tha' been here? NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb
35 96 Mary Tha's beginnin' to doMisselthwaite credit. Tha's a bitfatter than tha' was an' tha's notquite so yeller. Tha' looked like ayoung plucked crow when tha' firstcame into this garden. Thinks I tomyself I never set eyes on an uglier,sourer faced young 'un.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, second personplural is, second personwas, Non Standardvocabulary
36 98 Mary No. I'm bachelder an' lodge withMartin at th' gate.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
37 98 Mary Cabbages an' 'taters an' onions. Standard -38 98 Mary Bulbs an' sweet-smellin' things—
but mostly roses.Standard -
39 99 Mary Well, yes, I do. I was learned thatby a young lady I was gardener to.She had a lot in a place she wasfond of, an' she loved 'em like theywas children—or robins. I've seen
NonStandard
Second person plural was
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111
her bend over an' kiss 'em. Thatwere as much as ten year' ago.
40 99 Mary Heaven 'cording to what parsonsays.
Standard -
41 99 Mary They was left to themselves. NonStandard
Third person plural was
42 99 Mary Well, I'd got to like 'em—an' I likedher—an' she liked 'em. Once ortwice a year I'd go an' work at 'em abit—prune 'em an' dig about th'roots. They run wild, but they wasin rich soil, so some of 'em lived.
NonStandard
Third person plural was,verb + about
43 99 Mary Wait till th' spring gets at 'em—waittill th' sun shines on th' rain an' th'rain falls on th' sunshine an' thentha'll find out.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha
44 100 Mary Look along th' twigs an' branchesan' if tha' sees a bit of a brownlump swelling here an' there, watchit after th' warm rain an' see whathappens. Why does tha' care somuch about roses an' such, all of asudden?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
45 100 Mary Well, that's true. Tha' hasn't. NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
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46 101 Mary Not been this year. My rheumaticshas made me too stiff in th' joints.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb
47 101 Mary Now look here! Don't tha' ask somany questions. Tha'rt th' worstwench for askin' questions I've evercome across. Get thee gone an' playthee. I've done talkin' for to-day.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be, pronoun thee,Subject pronoun used as aredundant element
48 239 Mary If I wasn't a bachelder, an' tha' wasa wench o' mine, I'd give thee ahidin'!
NonStandard
Second person plural was,pronoun thee
49 239 Mary I never thowt much o' thee! Icouldna' abide thee th' first time Iset eyes on thee. A scrawnybuttermilk-faced young besom,allus askin' questions an' pokin'tha' nose where it wasna' wanted. Inever knowed how tha' got so thickwi' me. If it hadna' been for th'robin—Drat him—
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,pronoun thee, pronoun tha
50 239-240 Mary Tha' young bad 'un! Layin' tha'badness on a robin,—not but whathe's impidint enow for anythin'.Him showin' thee th' way! Him!Eh! tha' young nowt, however i'
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, Non Standardvocabulary, third personsingular subject pronounhim, pronoun thee
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this world did tha'get in?
51 241 Colin Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi'tha' mother's eyes starin' at me outo' tha' face. Lord knows how tha'come here. But tha'rt th' poorcripple.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha’rt),pronoun tha, to becomes after subject ininterrogative sentence, theadding of that in answeringyes/no interrogativesentence
52 241 Colin Tha'—tha' hasn't got a crookedback?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
53 241 Colin Tha'—tha' hasn't got crookedlegs?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb
54 243 Colin Eh! th' lies folk tells! Tha'rt as thinas a lath an' as white as a wraith,but there's not a knob on thee.Tha'lt make a mon yet. God blessthee!
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha’rt), pronoun thee,pronoun tha + archaicmodal verb (tha’lt)
55 243 Colin Eh! Lad. Eh! Mylad! Yes, sir! Yes,sir!
Standard -
56 245 Mary What art sayin'? NonStandard
The absence of subject ininterrogative sentence
57 246 Colin Not tha'. Nowt o' th' sort. What'stha' been doin' with thysel'—?
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, reflectivepronoun thyself, the use of –
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hidin' out o' sight an' lettin' folkthink tha' was cripple an' half-witted?
s on non-third-personsingular present-tense verb,second person plural was
58 246 Colin Lots o' fools. Th' world's full o'jackasses brayin' an' they neverbray nowt but lies. What did tha'shut thysel' up for?
NonStandard
Double negative, NonStandard vocabulary,pronoun tha, reflectivepronoun thyself
59 246 Colin Tha' die! Nowt o' th' sort! Tha'sgot too much pluck in thee. When Iseed thee put tha' legs on th'ground in such a hurry I knowedtha' was all right. Sit thee down onth' rug a bit young Mester an' giveme thy orders.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, Non Standardvocabulary, pronoun thee,pronoun thy, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, seed as apast tense of see, secondperson plural was,
60 247 Colin Anythin' I'm told to do. I'm kep' onby favor—because she liked me.
Standard -
61 247 Colin Tha' mother. NonStandard
Pronoun tha
62 247 Colin Aye, it was that! She were mainfond of it.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,Third person singular were
63 247 Colin I've come here before when no onesaw me.
Standard -
64 247 Colin Th' last time I was here was abouttwo year' ago.
Standard -
65 247 Colin I'm no one. An' I didn't comethrough th' door. I come over th'wall. Th' rheumatics held me backth' last two year'.
NonStandard
The use of present tense todescribe past event
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66 247-248 Colin She was so fond of it—she was!An' she was such a pretty youngthing. She says to me once, 'Ben,'says she laughin', 'if ever I'm ill orif I go away you must take care ofmy roses.' When she did go awayth' orders was no one was ever tocome nigh. But I come over th' wallI come—until th' rheumaticsstopped me—an' I did a bit o' workonce a year. She'd gave her orderfirst.
NonStandard
The use of present tense todescribe past event, Had +simple past in Past Perfect
67 248 Colin Aye, I'll know, sir. An' it'll be easierfor a man wi' rheumatics to come inat th' door.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
68 249 Colin Eh! That sounds as if tha'd got witsenow. Tha'rt a Yorkshire lad forsure. An' tha'rt diggin', too. How'dtha' like to plant a bit o' somethin'?I can get thee a rose in a pot.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be (tha’rt), NonStandard vocabulary,pronoun thee
69 249 Colin Here, lad. Set it in the earth thysel'same as th' king does when he goesto a new place.
NonStandard
Reflective pronoun thyself
70 256 Colin Aye, aye, sir! NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
71 256 Colin Aye, aye, sir! NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
72 257 Colin Aye, aye, sir! NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
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73 259 Colin Aye, aye, sir! Aye, aye! NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
74 259 Colin I've heard JemFettleworth's wifesay th' same thing over thousands o'times—callin' Jem a drunken brute.Summat allus come o' that, sureenough. He gave her a good hidin'an' went to th' Blue Lion an' got asdrunk as a lord.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
75 260 Colin Tha'rt a clever lad as well as astraight-legged one, Mester Colin.Next time I see Bess Fettleworth I'llgive her a bit of a hint o' whatMagic will do for her. She'd be rarean' pleased if th' sinetifik'speriment worked—an' so 'udJem.
NonStandard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha’rt), Non Standardvocabulary
76 261 Colin I canna' do no swayin' back'ardand for'ard. I've got th' rheumatics.
NonStandard
Double negative
77 262 Colin I canna' do no chantin'. Theyturned me out o' th' church choirth'only time I ever tried it.
NonStandard
Double negative
78 263 Colin Nowt o' th' sort. Th' sermon wasgood enow—but I'm bound to getout afore th' collection.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary
79 263 Colin Not me. Who said I were? I heardevery bit of it. You said th' Magicwas in my back. Th' doctor calls itrheumatics.
NonStandard
The use of present tense todescribe past event, firstperson singular were
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80 263 Colin I'd like to see thee walk round thegarden.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee
81 265 Colin We shall have thee takin' to boxin'in a week or so. Tha'lt end wi'winnin' th' Belt an' bein' championprize-fighter of all England.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha+ archaic modal verb(tha’lt)
82 265 Colin Ax pardon—ax pardon, sir. I oughtto have seed it wasn't a jokin'matter.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,seed as a past tense of see
83 291 Colin Th' best thing about lecturin' is thata chap can get up an' say aught hepleases an' no other chap cananswer him back. I wouldn't beagen' lecturin' a bit mysel'sometimes.
NonStandard
Non Standard vocabulary,anticipatory pronoun
84 292 Colin I was thinkin' as I'd warrant tha'sgone up three or four pound thisweek. I was lookin' at tha' calvesan' tha' shoulders. I'd like to getthee on a pair o' scales.
NonStandard
The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, zero pluralmarker, pronoun tha,pronoun thee
85 294 Colin Tha' might sing th' Doxology. NonStandard
Pronoun tha
86 294 Colin Dickon can sing it for thee, I'llwarrant.
NonStandard
Pronoun thee
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118
87 296 Colin I never seed no sense in th'Doxology afore, but I may changemy mind i' time. I should say tha'dgone up five pound this week,Mester Colin—five on 'em!
NonStandard
Seed as a past tense of see,pronoun tha, zero pluralmarker
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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