2013 - report test from erlangga-xi - sem1-.doc

PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN KEBUMENDINAS PENDIDIKAN PEMUDA DAN OLAH RAGA

SMA NEGERI 1 KEBUMENRINTISAN SEKOLAH BERTARAF INTERNASIONAL

Jalan Mayjen Sutoyo 7, Kebumen 54316, Telepon (0287) 381407, Faksimile (0287) 385012

E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.sman1-kebumen.sch.id

REPORT TEST

REPORT TEXTS

Report text provides factual information about a specific subject like social phenomenon ( riot, demonstration, unemployment ), nature ( earthquake, rain, storm, living things, animals ) and man – made ( electricity from atoms ). The factual information provided in the report text is objective and impartial ( tak memihak/ adil ).

Communicative purpose / social function :To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man –made thing , animals , plants, and social phenomena in our environment.(=memaparkan cara beradanya sesuatu, dengan mengacu kepada fenomena alam, rekaan manusia,binatang- binatang , tanam- tanaman , dan fenomena- fenomena sosial dalam lingkungan kita.). e.g : unemployment, poverty, demonstration, etc.

OR : To inform the reader of specific subject.(=Tujuan teks report adalah menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis ).

Types of report texts :Reference books, science reports, weather reports, fitness reports ,etc.

The organization of a report text / the generic structure of a report text :1. General Classification : Opening statement that introduces the subject ( or : introduces the topic of the report such as the class or sub –class ). ( = pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan , dan klasifikasinya. ). (Atau : mengetengahkan fenomena apa yang dibicarakan.)

1

2.Description : The supporting of the paragraph to describe in detail to assist the reader to “ feel “ and “ see” the subject, for example :parts, the qualities, appearance, habits or behaviour, uses, habitat, way of survival, shape/ form, etc. ( = descripsi yang menggambarkan seperti apa fenomena yang dibicarakan mengenai bagian- bagiannya dengan fungsinya, kualitas2 nya yang khusus , seperti apa mereka, kebiasaan- kebiasaan serta perilakunya jika fenomena hidup, kegunaan - kegunaannya jika fenomena non alam ( benda ) , dimana mereka tinggal , kelangsungan hidupnya, bentuknya , etc ).

Grammatical features related to report texts : Simple Present Tense. Adjectives. Connectors to do with time and sequence. Pronouns. Adverbs. Compound and Complex sentences. Quantifiers.

INSTRUCTION :The Objective Test is for number 1 to 50The Essay Test is for number 51 to 55

I.Objective Test Choose one the best answer for each question !

TEXT : 1This text is for questions number 1 to 6

WHALES

2

Whales are sea – livings mammals. They therefore breathe air, but can not survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale , which can exceed 30 meters in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure, its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat horizontal paddles ( the tail of a fish is vertical ), and it has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat ( blubber ). It can be up to 30 meters in thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids.

( Source : “ LOOK AHEAD “, for Senior High School Students; Year : XI; page : 3 ).

The blue whale , which can exceed 30 meters in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. It is called complex sentence. ( Adjective clause ).= Non Defining Relative Clause.= 1. The blue whale is the largest animal to have lived on earth. 2. It can exceed 30 meters in length.

The blue whale , which can exceed 30 meters in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. = Non Defining Relative Clause.

The blue whale which can exceed 30 meters in length is the largest animal to have lived on earth. = Defining Relative Clause.

e.g :My sister who lives in Kartosuro is Maths teacher.Means : I have two or more sisters. One of my sisters lives in Kartosuro and she is Maths teacher.

My sister, who lives in Kartosuro, is Maths teacher.Means : I have one sister who lives in Kartosuro. She is Maths teacher.

Change into passive forms !1. Whale has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. =A single nostril on top of its large, broad head is had by whale.

New Vocabularies :Superficially = dengan/ scr dangkal.Nostril = lubang hidungBlubber = lemak ikan paus yang dapat menghasilkan minyak.

3

Fluids = sejenis cairan.Paddles ( dorsal fin )= siripTo conserve = mengawetkan / memelihara / melindungi = to preserveQuestions :

1. What group of animals do whales belong to ?2. Why can’t whales survive on land for a long time although

they breathe air ?3. What is the largest whale or animal to have lived on earth ever

known ?4. How long is the blue whale’s body ?5. What are the differences between whales and fish ?6. How is the skin of the whale ?7. What can we find beneath the skin of the whale ?8. How thick is the layer of whale’s blubber ?9. What is the benefit or usefulness of whale’s blubber ?

1.Why can’t whales survive on land for a long time although they breath air ?

A. Because whales are sea livings mammals.B. Because whales breath air.C. Because whales can’t survive on land.D. Because a whale is the largest animal to have lived on earth.E. Because the whales look rather like a fish.

2. The following sentences are the differences between whales and fish, EXCEPT.......

A. Whales have babies , whereas fish lay eggs.B. Whales are warm blooded, whereas fish are cold blooded.C. Whales have external structures, whereas fish don’t have

internal structures.D. The tail of the whales consists of a pair of broad, flat horizontal

paddles. On the contrary , the tail of the fish consists of a pair of broad, flat vertical paddles.

E. Whales have single nostrils on top of their large, broad heads. On the other hand, fish have single nostrils on the bottom of their large, broad heads.

Fish are pisces while whales are mammals.Fish breath with fish gills while whales breath with lungs.

3. Where can you find a layer of fat ( blubber ) of the whales ? A. Below the skin D. Within the skin B. Over the skin E. In the skin

4

C. Inside the skin

4. What is the usefulness of flat or blubber for whales themselves ? A. To avoid heat and body fluids. B. To preserve heat and body fluids. C. To increase heat and body fluids. D. To reduce heat and body fluids. E. To reject heat and body fluids.

5. Based on the information in the text , which sentence is “ NOT CORRECT “ ?

A. Whales belong to mammals.B. The body of a blue whale can surpass 30 meters in length.C. The skin of the whales is smooth and shiny.D. Having a single nostril on top of its large, broad head is had by

the whale.E. Although whales breath air, they can survive on land.

6. ........are very large indeed and the blue whale,.......( The third sentence ). The following words are the synonym with the underlined words, EXCEPT.......

A. surely D. reallyB. truly E. unquestionablyC. possibly


SPIDERS

Uhmm...., do you know about Arachnids ? I mean, it is a spider.Spiders are not insects. I mean spiders are Arachnids.

Arachnids have four pair of legs but they only have two body parts. Insects have three pairs of legs and three body parts. Spiders have two to four pairs of eyes. They can see extremely well. = GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.

Uhm.......,Spiders eat small insects such as flies and mosquitoes, and sometimes bite people. When a spider bites an

5

insect, it doesn’t kill the insect immediately. Instead, a special poison passes through its fang, and this poison paralyzes the body of the unlucky insects.= DESCRIPTION OF THEIR FOOD

Most spiders make their own homes. They do this with a special substance produced by their bodies. In the corner of some rooms it is possible to find a spider’s web where the spider is waiting for its next dinner guest.= DESCRIPTION OF THEIR OWN HOME.

This = Making spiders’ own homes

(Adapted from : Reading Practice, Unknown )( Source : “ Look Ahead “ , for Senior High School Students; Year :XI, page ; 15 ).

New Vocabularies :Bite = gigitan / menggigitPasses through = melewatiFangs = taringParalyzes = melumpuhkanWeb = sarang laba – laba.

Simple Present Tense of Passive Voice : S + am / is / are + V3Active sentence : Spiders eat small insects such as flies and mosquitoes, and sometimes bite people.Passive sentence : Small insects such as flies and mosquitoes are eaten by spiders, and sometimes people are bitten by them.

Change into passive forms !

1.Arachnids have four pair of legs but they only have two body parts. = Four pair of legs are had by Arachnids, but two body parts are only had by them.2.Insects have three pairs of legs and three body parts.= Three pairs of legs and three body parts are had by insects.3.Spiders have two to four pairs of eyes. = Two to four pairs of eyes are had by spiders.4.When a spider bites an insect, it doesn’t kill the insect immediately.= When an insect is bitten by a spider, the insect is not immediately killed by it.5.A Special poison paralyzes the body of the unlucky insects.= The body of the unlucky insects is paralyzed by a special poison.6.Most spiders make their own homes.= Their own homes are made by most spiders.

6

Adjective Phrase / Reduction Phrase from Adjective Clause.7.They do making their own homes with a special substance which/ that is produced by their bodies. = They do making their own homes with a special substance produced by their bodies. =Making their own homes is done with a special substance produced by their bodies by them.

Reduction Phrase from Adjective Clause :Active , indicates person as subject.a).1.The student who is sitting in front of the class is Usrok.2. =The student that is sitting in front of the class is Usrok.3. The student who sits in front of the class is Usrok.4. The student that sits in front of the class is Usrok.5. = The student sitting in front of the class is usrok.=== Adjective Phrase.

Active, indicates thing as subject :b)1. The book which tells about love story is Usrok’s. 2. The book that tells about love story is Usrok ’s. 3. The book which is telling love story is Usrok’s. 4.The book that is telling love story is Usrok’s. =5. The book telling about love story is Usrok’s.

Passive . indicates thing as subject.a).1.Thank you very much for the time which is given to me. 2. Thank you very much for the time that is given to me. 3. = Thank you very much for the time given to me.Passive , indicates person as subject :b). 1.The teachers who are paid by the Government in their salaries should have high discipline.2.The teachers that are paid by the Government in their salaries should have high discipline.3. The teachers paid by the Government in their salaries should have high discipline.

Questions :1.What do spiders belong to ?

7

2.How many pair of legs do Arachnids have ?3.How many body parts do Arachnids have ?4.How many pairs of legs do insects have ?5.How many body parts do insects have ?6.How many pairs of eyes do spiders have ?7.Can spiders see extremely well ?8.What do spiders eat ?9.What is meant by small insects ?10.Do spiders bite people ?11.When a spider bites an insect, does it kill the insect immediately ?12.So, how does a spider bite an insect ?13.Do most spiders make their own homes ?14.How do most spiders make their own homes ?15.Where do we find a spider’s web ?16.Where is the spider waiting for its next dinner guest ?17.Identify the generic structure of the text above !18.The word “ web “ in the text means…….. A.a spider’s house… B.a spider’s poison. C.a spider’s legs. 19.Spiders have special teeth called……. A.fangs… B.poison C.arachnids.20.Spiders have…… A.four legs. B.two body parts C.both A and B…21.From the text , we can conclude that……. A.arachnids are larger than insects…. B.insects are larger than arachnids. C.neither A nor B

7. What group of animals do Spiders belong to ? A. Mammals D. Fish B. Insects E. Reptiles C. Arachnids

8.After reading the text, we know that...... A. Spiders have two body parts, whereas insects also have two body parts. B. Spiders eat small insets, such as flies and caterpillars. C. When a spider bites an insect, a special poison which passes through its fangs paralyzes the body of the unlucky insect.

8

D. Most spiders make their own homes by using a special substance produced by their fangs.

E. Spiders never bite people.

9.Where can we find a spider’s web ? A. In the angle of some rooms. B. At the back of some rooms. C. In the middle of some rooms. D. In the central of some rooms. E. In the bottom of some rooms.

10. What can the spider do in the corner of some rooms while waiting for its next dinner guest ? A. Obtain a spider’s web. B. Keep a spider’s web. C. Accept a spider’s web. D. Welcome a spider’s web. E. Manage a spider’s web.

11. .......and this poison paralyzes the body of the unlucky insect. ( The second paragraph ). The underlined word has the ANTONYM with the word........

A. dull D. deadenB. numb E. strengthenC. enervate

TEXT : 3This text is for questions number 12 and 13

A VOLCANO

A volcano is a mountain which is formed by the eruption of material from the earth’s interior through a central opening or groups of openings. Volcanoes can be divided into three categories based on volcano form and type of volcanic activity. They are Shield, Composite, and Explosion volcanoes.= GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.

9

A shield volcano is built chiefly of layers of basalt ( a dark, heavy lava ). A few shield volcanoes are composed of andesite ( a related, less dense type of lava ).= DESCRIPTION OF A SHIELD VOLCANO.

A composite volcano has more frequent and violent explosive eruptions than shield volcanoes do. Lava may be extruded from either crater or fissures on a volcano’s sides.= DESCRIPTION OF A COMPOSITE VOLCANO.

Explosion volcanoes are composed of inclined layers of pyroclastic debris and contain no lava. During an eruption, debris is ejected from the crater. Most explosion volcanoes are built during one period of eruption.=DESCRIPTION OF EXPLOSION VOLCANOES.

( Adapted from : Golden Home Encyclopedia, Vp.185 ).( Source : “LOOK AHEAD “, for Senior High School Students ; Year :

XI ; page : 23 ).

New Vocabularies :Are scattered = terpencarShield = perisaiTo extrude = to force or push something out of something ( to be forced or pushed in this way ).Fissure = dindingDebris = reruntuhan / puing.Ejected = menyemburkan / mengeluarkan

Questions :1.What is a volcano ?2. How many volcanoes are there according to the form and type of volcanic activity ? Mention them !3. What build a shield volcano ?4. What compose a shield volcano ?5.Why does a composite volcano have more frequent and violent explosive eruptions than shield volcanoes ?6. What compose explosion volcanoes ?7. What will happen on explosion volcanoes during an eruption ?8. How long are most explosion volcanoes built ?

Reduction Phrase from adjective clause :A volcano is a mountain which is formed by the eruption of material from the earth’s interior through a central opening or groups of openings.

10

= A volcano is a mountain formed by the eruption of material from the earth’s interior through a central opening or groups of openings.

Passive sentence from the text :1. Passive =Volcanoes can be divided into three categories based

on volcano form and type of volcanic activity. Active = We can devide volcanoes into three categories based on volcano form and type of volcanic activity.

2. Passive =A shield volcano is built chiefly of layers of basalt ( a dark, heavy lava ).Active = Layers of basalt build a shield volcano.

3. A few shield volcanoes are composed of andesite ( a related, less dense type of lava ).=Andesite composes a few shield volcanoes.

4. Lava may be extruded from either crater or fissures on a volcano’s sides.= The earth may extrude lava from either crater of fissures on a volcano’s sides.

5. Explosion volcanoes are composed of inclined layers of pyroclastic debris and contain no lava.=Inclined layers of pyroclastic debris that have no lava compose explosion volcanoes.

6. During an eruption, debris is ejected from ( of ) the crater. = During an eruption, the crater ejects debris .

7. Most explosion volcanoes are built during one period of eruption=The earth builds most explosion volcanoes during one period of eruption.

12. Based on the information from the text, which statement is “ NOT CORRECT “?

A. According to the form and type of volcanic activity, there are three kinds of volcanoes.

B. A shield volcano is built mainly of layers of a dark, heavy lava.C. A shield volcano has less frequent and violent explosive

eruptions than a composite volcano does.D. Explosion volcanoes have no lava.E. All of the explosion volcanoes are built during one time of

eruption.

13. During an eruption, debris is ejected from the...... ( ( The fourth paragraph ). The underlined word is closest in meaning to.......

A. taken D. forced out

11

B. gotten E. thrown awayC. discarded


CROCODILES

Crocodiles are rather “ lizard- like “ . They have long tails and the limbs are short and straddled sideways. Crocodiles belong to reptiles. The elongated crocodiles are probably the most distinctive features. The head is typically one- seventh the total body length of and the species have a narrow or broad snout.= GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.

Crocodiles have a “ minimum exposure “ posture in water, in which only the eyes, ears, and nostrils lie above the water’s surface. This “ minimum exposure “ posture has obviously been important to crocodiles thoughout their evolution.= DESCRIPTION.

( Source : “ Look Ahead “ , for Senior High School Students; Year : XI; page : 24, published by Erlangga ).

Rather = somewhat = agakProbably = maybe = perhaps = mungkin.

New vocabularies :Limbs = anggota badan / lenganStraddled = mengangkangElongated = merentangDistinctive = berbedaSnout = moncong binatangObviously = dengan nyataPosture = posisi tubuh/ sikap badan perawakan

12

14. All the following statements are “ CORRECT “, except....... A. Crocodiles have long tails and the limbs . B. The limbs of crocodiles are not only short, but also straddled sideways. C. The most distinctive features of crocodiles may be on its elongated limb. D. One seventh of the total body length is in the form of the head of a crocodile. E.A minimum exposure posture is not so important to crocodiles in their evolution.

15.......posture has obviously been important to......( The second paragraph ). The underlined word is closest in meaning to........ A. deeply D. clearly B. darkly E. well C. wrongly

16. Crocodiles have a “ minimum exposure “ posture in water, because only their eyes, ears, and nostrils lie ........the water’s surface. A. within D. below B. on E. beneath C. under


SNAKES

Snakes are reptiles. They belong to the same group as lizards but form a sub- group of their own.= GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.

13

Snakes often sunbathe on rocks in the warm weather. This is because they are cold – blooded so they need the Sun’s warmth to heat their body up.= DESCRIPTION.

A snake usually feeds on frogs, rabbits, or chickens. A Boa snake can give you a bear hug so powerful that crush every single bone in your body. Cobras protect themselves by scaring their enemies. The Flying snake glides away from danger. Their ribs spread apart and the skin stretches out.= DESCRIPTION.This = Snakes’ sunbathing...... ( Sunbathing on rocks in the warm weather done by snakes ).

( Taken from : Golden Home Encyclopedia, S,p.251).

( Source : “ Look Ahead “ , for Senior High School Students; Year : XI; page : 25, published by Erlangga

New vocabularies :Sunbathe = mandi sinar matahariGlide = meluncurRib = tulang rusuk

The Flying snake glides away from danger.The underlined word mean : The snake which is flying glides away from danger.

Active Participle or Present Participle is the ing form of a verb which functions as adjective, e.g :The singing bird is Perkutut.It means : The bird which ( that ) is singing is Perkutut.

The man teaching there is Mr. Sugiyarto.It means : The man who ( that ) is teaching there is Mr. Sugiarto.

17.All these sentences below are “ CORRECT “ according to the text, EXCEPT........

A. The difference between Snakes and Lizards is in forming a sub group of their own.

B. Snakes need the Sun’s warmth to heat their body up, because they are cold – blooded.

C. Snakes are cold – blooded, so they often sunbathe on rocks in the warm weather.

D. Frogs, rabbits, or chickens are the foods of a snake.E. A Boa snake can crush every single bone in our body, because

its bear hug is weak.

18. Cobras protect themselves by scaring their enemies. ( The third paragraph ).

14

The underlined word is closest in meaning to the following words, EXCEPT........

A. frightening D. terrifyingB. horrifying E. comfortingC. shocking

19. Their ribs spread apart and the skin stretches out.( The third paragraph ). What does the underlined word refer to ?

A. Flying snakes D. SnakesB. Cobras E. Frogs, rabbits or chickensC. Boa snakes


MOSQUITOES

It is possible to find mosquitoes in almost every part of the world except in the places where it is extremely cold or where it is very dry. During the summer, it is almost certain that you can find many mosquitoes near swamps, pounds, and lakes.

Mosquitoes have an interesting life cycle. The female mosquito bites a person or animal in order to get some blood. She needs it before she can lay her eggs in the water. Second, she flies to an area of water and deposits her eggs in the water.In a few days the eggs open and the baby mosquitoes, called larva, come out. In a short time, they will mature and fly away.

It is interesting to note that only the female will bite for blood. She has a special mouth which can go into an animal’s skin or a person’s skin. On the other hand, the male mosquito can only drink plant juice with his mouth.

( Source : “ Look Ahead “ , for Senior High School Students; Year : XI; page : 30, published by Erlangga

She has a special mouth which can go into an animal’s skin or a person’s skin. = Complex sentence ( Adjective Clause ).

15

= The female mosquito ( she ) has a special mouth.= She can go into an animal’s skin or a person’s skin.

It = Impersonal It / Introductory It.New vocabularies ;Swamp = rawa – rawaMature = menjadi matang / dewasaPlant juice = cairan tanaman

20. What does the first paragraph tell us about ? A. The possibility of the place where we can find the mosquitoes. B. The difference between the place and the time when we can find the mosquitoes.

C. The time and the place when and where we can possibly find the mosquitoes.D. The place where we can find the mosquitoes.E. The time when we can find the mosquitoes.

21. Based on the information from the text, which statement is “ NOT CORRECT ?”

A. Getting some blood is done by the female mosquitoes.B. The female mosquitoes get some blood by biting a person or

animal.C. Before laying her eggs in the water , the female mosquito

needs blood.D. The female mosquitoes deposit her eggs by flying to an area of

water.E. The baby mosquitoes or larvae come out after flying away.

22.Why can the female mosquitoes go into an animal’s skin or a person’s skin ?

A. Because the female mosquito has a peculiar mouth.B. Because it is very interesting.C. Because the female mosquito has an interesting life cycle.D. Because the female mosquito is different from the male

mosquito.E. Because the female mosquito bites for blood.

23.It is possible to find mosquitoes in almost every part.....( The first paragraph ). The underlined word is closest in meaning to.......

16

A. Nearby=dekat ( adj) D. namely=yakni ( adverb )B. nearly ( adverb )= hampir E. partially = sebagian

( adverb ).C. naturally = dengan wajar/ biasa.( adverb )

24. The difference between the female mosquito and the male mosquito is that........

A. The male mosquito bites a person or animal to get some blood.B. The male mosquito drinks plant juice with his mouth.C. The male mosquito goes into an animal’s skin or a person’s

skin.D. The male mosquito flies to an area of water.E. The male mosquito deposits his baby in the water.


TORNADOES

A tornado is a powerful, twisting wind storm. It is one of the most destructive storms on earth. A tornado is also called a waterspout.

A tornado is a long cloud which comes down from the sky. It is shaped like a funnel and consists of wind which whirls around and around extremely fast. In fact, the wind can reach a speed of more than 900 km per hour.

Most tornadoes form a long front ( boundary ) between cool, dry air and warm, humid air. Weather scientists are unable to know exactly when tornadoes will occur. Fortunately, the tornado is not usually very big and it does not last long.

( Source : “ Look Ahead “ , for Senior High School Students; Year : XI; page : 27, published by Erlangga).

Passive =A tornado is also called a waterspout.Active = People call a waterspout (as) a tornado.

Passive : English is spoken all over the world.Active : People speak English all over the world.

17

Reduction phrase from adjective clause :A tornado is a long cloud which ( that ) comes down from the sky.=A tornado is a long cloud coming down from the sky.

New vocabularies :Powerful = kuatStorm = badai / angin topanWaterspout = puting beliungFunnel = corongWhirls around = berputarHumid = lembab

25. Based on the information from the text, which statement is “ NOT CORRECT ?”

A. A tornado is one of the most destructive storms on earth.B. A tornado is shaped like a funnel and comprises of wind that

spins around and around extremely fast.C. Tornadoes are unpredictable storms precisely by the weather

scientists when they will take place.D. Usually, the tornado does not continue long and is not

enormous.E. All of the tornadoes form a long front ( boundary ) between

cool, dry air and warm, humid air.

Take place = Occur/ happen

26. A tornado is a powerful, twisting wind storm. ( The first paragraph ). The underlined word is closest in meaning to.........

A. weak D. mighty ( adj ). = kuat= strongB. faint = lemah ( adj) E. tender ( empuk / lembut ).

=adjective.C. feeble=lemah ( adj)


A WINDMILL

A windmill is a machine for converting wind energy into mechanical energy.

18

An ordinary 8 – foot windmill develops less than 1/10 horsepower.

A windmill is used for grinding grain, pumping water for irrigation and in the past few years for generating electricity.

A common windmill consists of a high steel tower on top of which revolves an air motor. The parts of the air motor are fixed onto the wind shaft and are automatically held into the wind of furled according to whether water should be pumped or if the mill needs to be protected from the severity of the wind.

( Source : “ Look Ahead “ , for Senior High School Students; Year : XI; page : 29 , published by Erlangga).

Passive Voive :1.A windmill is used for grinding grain, pumping water for irrigation and in the past few years for generating electricity.Active : People use a windmill for grinding grain, pumping water for irrigation and in the past few years for generating electricity.2.The parts of the air motor are fixed onto the wind shaft and are automatically held into the wind of furled according to whether water should be pumped or if the mill needs to be protected from the severity of the wind.Active : People fix the parts of the air motor onto the wind shaft and hold them automatically into the wind of furled according to whether they ( people ) should pump water or if the mill needs protecting from severity of the wind.

Gerund :....if the mill needs to be protected from the severity of the wind.= ...if the mill needs protecting from the severity of the wind.

Gerund that has meaning in passive, such as the verbs : need, require,want. Other examples :1.That knife needs to be sharpened.= That knife needs sharpening.

2.The grass requires to be cut off.= The grass requires cutting off.

3.The wall wants to be painted= The wall wants painting.

New vocabularies :Windmill = kincir anginRevolves = berputar

19

Furled = melipatSeverity = kerasnya / kehebatanConverting = mengubah

27. Based on the information on the text above, which sentence is “ NOT CORRECT ?”

A. A machine for transforming wind energy into mechanical energy is called a windmill.

B. Several years ago, a windmill was used for grinding grain and pumping water for irrigation.

C. A common 8 –foot windmill develops less than 1/10 housepower.

D. Nowadays , a windmill is not used for generating electricity.E. A customary windmill consists of a high steel tower on top of

which circles an air motor.

28. ....... needs to be protected from the......( The fourth paragraph ). The underlined word is closest in meaning to...... A. sheltered D. attacked ( diserang ) B. betrayed ( dikhianati ) verb E. invaded( diserang ) C. imperiled ( dibahayakan ) = verb


THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The solar system consists of a star ( the Sun ), the planets, and a number of other bodies, such as satellites and asteroids. The Sun is the center of the solar system. The planets revolve around it. These are eight planets in all. They are : Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Some planets have satellites. The Earth has one satellite. It is called the Moon.

20

( Taken from : Reading and Thinking in English, Oxford University Press ).


1.Active :Some planets have satellites.Passive : Satellites are had by some planets.2. Active :The Earth has one satellite. Passive : One satellite is had by the earth.3. Passive : A Satellite is called the Moon. Active : People call a satellite ( as ) the Moon .

New vocabularies :Revolve = mengitari

29. All the following sentences below are “CORRECT “ according to the text above, EXCEPT.......

A. The planets rotate around the sun.B. The center of the solar system is called the Sun.C. Satellites and asteroids belong to the solar system.D. Neptune is one of the eight planets in the solar system.E. The moon is not a satellite of the Earth.

30. The solar system consists of a star ( the Sun ),......( The first paragraph ). The underlined word is closest in meaning to.......

A. excludes D. keeps outB. shuts out E. hindersC. comprises of


INSECT ANATOMY

21

The body of an insect consists of three parts : the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The head contains the insect’s brain, eyes, and mouth. It also carries the antennae. The thorax is the central part of the body. It contains the legs and wings. There are three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. The insect’s abdomen contains its digestive and reproductive organs.

( Taken from : Reading and Thinking in English, Oxford University Press ).


New vocabularies :Thorax = rongga dadaAbdomen = perutDigestive = yang bertalian dengan pencernaan.

Active :The head also carries the antennae.Passive : The antennae is also carried by the head of an insect.

31. After reading the text, we know that....... A. The head, the thorax, and the abdomen are the three parts of the Insect Anatomy. B. The brain, the eyes and the nose are the three parts of the head’s insect. C. The middle part of the insect’s body is the abdomen. D. The abdomen contains the legs and wings. E. Three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings are the parts of the abdomen.

32. The insect’s abdomen contains its digestive and reproductive organs. What does the word “ its “ refer to ?

A. abdomen D. insect’s bodyB. insect E. insect’s anatomyC. insect’s abdomen


22

AN ORCHID

An orchid is a tropical plant. It belongs to the same group as Vanda. Orchids are beautiful and commonly used as decoration. Orchids have hard leaves. They have fiber roots and they have strong and flexible branches. Most orchids live wildly and grow in cold places.


New vocabularies : Wildly = dengan liarFiber = serabut, serat.

Change into passive :1.Orchids have hard leaves. = Hard leaves are had by orchids.2.Orchids have fiber roots and they have strong and flexible branches.=Fiber roots are had by orchids and strong and flexible branches are had by them.3.Orchids are beautiful and commonly used as decoration.= Orchids are beautiful and we ( people ) use them as decoration commonly.

33. What is the topic sentence of the text above ? A. An orchid belongs to Vanda. B. An orchid is a tropical plant. C. An orchid is beautiful and commonly used as decoration and has hard leave.

D. An orchid has fiber root and it has strong and flexible branch.E. Most orchids live wildly and grow in cold places.

34....... have strong and flexible branches.

23

The underlined word is closest in meaning to...... A. supple= lembut =adj D. immovable= yg tak dpt digerakkan =adj B. rigid= kaku = adj E. stiff= keras = adj C. firm= kuat = adj

TEXT : 12.Most monkeys live in forests. They swing from tree to tree.

They eat bananas, peanuts, and fruits. We can find monkeys in the jungles of Africa and Asia because they have many tropical forests.


Questions :1.Where do most monkeys live ?2. Where do most monkeys swing ?3. What do they eat ?4. Why can we find monkeys in the jungles of Africa and Asia ?

Change into passive !1. Most monkeys eat bananas , peanuts and fruits.

=Bananas, peanuts and fruits are eaten by most monkeys.2. We can find monkeys in the jungles of Africa and Asia because

they have many tropical forests.= Monkeys can be found in the jungles of Africa and Asia (by us ) because many tropical forests are had by the jungle of Africa and Asia.

We can find monkeys in the jungles of Africa and Asia because they have many tropical forests.=We can find monkeys in the jungles of Africa and Asia because of ( due to ) having many tropical forests there. = Noun Phrase.We can find monkeys in the jungles of Africa and Asia because of ( due to ) the tropical forest ( that/ which ) they have. = Noun Phrase.

Noun Clause : Every body knows where Borobudur Temple is.Adverb Clause : He is late because he overslept.Adjective Clause : The man who is sitting in front of the class is Usrok.Clause : S + V +....

= Because of ( Due to ) having many tropical forests in the jungle of Africa and Asia, we can find monkeys.

24

The students don’t pass the exams because they are lazy.= Because of ( Due to ) their being lazy, the students don’t pass the exams.

Because of ( Due to ) = followed by Noun ( Noun Phrase ).Because = followed by a complete sentence.

TEXT : 13

Giraffes are the tallest animals in the world. They belong to herbivores because they feed on green plants. They belong to mammals because they have babies. Giraffes have long necks and horns.


Questions :1. Why do giraffes belong to herbivores ?2. Why do giraffes belong to mammals ?3. Are giraffes the tallest animals in the world ?4. Do giraffes have long necks and horns ?5. What does the word “ they “ refer to ?

Change into passive :1. Giraffes belong to herbivores because they feed on green

plants.= Giraffes belong to herbivores because green plants are fed on by them.

2. Giraffes belong to mammals because they have babies.=Giraffes belong to mammals because babies are had by them.

3. Giraffes have long necks and horns.=Long necks and horns are had by giraffes.

TEXT : 14Livers weigh more than 1.5 kg. They regulate the amount of

vitamins and energy giving sugar in the blood by storing them. Human liver is the body’s largest and most complicated organ, and is shaped like a pyramid.


25

They regulate the amount of vitamins and energy giving sugar in the blood by storing them.= They regulate the amount of vitamins and energy which ( that ) give sugar in the blood by storing them.

Questions :1.How weigh are livers ?2.What do livers regulate ?3.How do livers give sugar in the blood ?4. The word “ them “ refers to.....= The amount of vitamins and energy.5. What is the body’s largest and most complicated organ ?6. What is the form of human liver like ? Or : What is the shape of human liver like ? a pyramid

TEXT : 15A flood is a body of water that covers normally dry lands.It

occurs when so much rain at one time and the sudden melting of snow and ice. It destroys homes and property even lives .


A flood is a body of water ( which )that covers normally dry lands.= A flood is a body of water covering normally dry lands.

Questions :1.What is a flood ?2. When does a flood take place/ occur / happen ? When there is so.....3. What is the effect of a flood ?4. A flood is a body of water that covers normally dry lands. = Adj Clause. Adjective Phrase : = A flood is a body of water covering normally dry lands. Adjective Clause : 1.A flood is a body of water. 2. It covers normally dry lands.

Active : A flood destroys homes and property even lives .Passive : Homes and properties even lives are destroyed by a flood.

TEXT : 16An earthquake is a shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the

earth cause a sudden rock movement. It causes falling rocks, bricks falls, damages to gas, the cutting of electric time and also fires.

26


Questions :1. What is an earthquake ?2. What cause a sudden rock movement ? A shaking,rolling or

sudden shock of the earth.3. What causes falling rocks, bricks falls,.....also fires ?An

earthquake.

Active :1.An earthquake causes falling rocks, bricks falls, damages to gas, the cutting of electric time and also fires.Passive :Falling rocks, bricks falls, damages to gas, the cutting of electric time and also fires are caused by an earthquake.

2.Active :An earthquake is a shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth cause a sudden rock movement.Passive : A sudden rock movement is caused by a shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth of an earthquake .

ESSAY TEST.These problems below are for questions number 51 to 55.

51.a ). “ Spiders eat small insects, such as flies and mosquitoes “. The “ passive “ form of the above sentence is...... Small insects, such as flies and mosquitoes are eaten by spiders.

b). “ Bananas, peanuts and fruits are eaten by Monkeys “. The “ active “ form of the above sentence is........ Monkeys eat bananas, peanuts and fruits.

52.Combine the two sentences below into one compound sentence in a reduction of Adjective Clause or into Adjective Phrase !

a). “The student is from China”. “He sits next to Mary”.Adjective Clause : The student who sits next to Mary is from China. The student that sits next to Mary is from China. The student who is sitting next to Mary is from China.

27

The student that is sitting next to Mary is from China.Reduction phrase of Adjective Clause or Adjective Phrase: The student sitting next to Mary is from China.

b). “ The boy is Mr. Andrew”. “ He plays the guitar “.Adjective Clause :The boy who plays the guitar is Mr. Andrew.The boy that plays the guitar is Mr. Andrew.Reduction phrase of Adjective Clause or Adjective Phrase :The boy playing the guitar is Mr. Andrew.

53.Say in another way from an adjective clause below into an adjective phrase !

“ The lady who gives me a special gift is Mrs.Diana “.=The lady is Mrs. Diana. She gives me a special gift.

Reduction phrase of Adjective Clause / Adjective phrase :=The lady giving me a special gift is Mrs. Diana.

54. Say in another way from the sentence below into a reduction of passive Adjective Clause !

“ The student who is invited to the meeting should come on time”.= The student should come on time. He / She is invited to the meeting.

Adjective Phrase := The student invited to the meeting should come on time.

Summary :A).Defining Relative Clause :For persons : As : Subject : who / that Object : whom / who / that / - Possessive : whose

For things : As : Subject : which / that Object : which / that/- Possessive : whose / of which

B).Non Defining Relative Clause :

28

For persons : As : Subject : who Object : whom / who Possessive : whoseFor things : As : Subject : which Object : which Possesive : whose ( for animals ) ; of which ( for things )

2.ADJECTIVE CLAUSE OR RELATIVE CLAUSE.

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. It is called a main clause.A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes , identifies or gives further information about a noun. An adjective clause is also called a relative clause.

E.G :I met a man who is kind to everybody.I met a man = an independent clause.who is kind to everbody = a dependent clause

To define = to limit = to restrict = membatasiAdjective clause that do not require commas are called “ essential “ or “ restrictive “ or “ identifying “./Defining Relative Clause.

I. Defining Relative Clause. For examples : 1. My brother who lives in Birmingham is an engineer. This sentence means : - One of my brothers lives in Birmingham. He is an engineer. - I have two or more brothers.

2. My sister who lives in Solo is a Mathematics teacher It means :- One of my sisters lives in Solo or Kartosuro . She is a Maths teacher. -I have two or more sisters.

3. The travellers who knew about the floods took another road. This sentence means : - Only the travellers who knew about the floods took the other road.

29

- There were other travellers who didn’t know about the floods and took the the flooded road.

II. Non Defining Relative Clause.Adjective clause that require commas are called “ nonessential” or “ nonrestrictive “ or “ nonidentifying “. For examples : 1. My brother, who lives in Birmingham, is an engineer. This sentence means : - My brother is an engineer. He lives in Birmingham. - I have only one brother.

2.My brother, who lives in Purwakarta, has two sons . It means : -My brother has two sons . He lives in Purwakarta. -I only have one brother.

3. The travellers, who knew about the floods, took another road. This sentence means : - All the travellers knew about the floods and took the other road.

A. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE .Relative Pronouns : who, whom, which, whose.

I. Use for persons :1. As subject, relative pronouns : who, thatExample :I thanked the woman. She helped me.= a) I thanked the woman who helped me.= b) I thanked the woman that helped me.

In (a): I thanked the woman = an independent clause. who helped me = an adjective clauseThe adjective clause modifies the noun “ woman “.In (a) : who is the subject of the adjective clause.In (b) : that is the subject of the adjective clause.(a)and (b) have the same meaning.

who = used for people.which = used for things.that = used for both people and things.

2. As object, relative pronouns : whom, who, that, -Example : A). The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him.

30

= a) The man whom I saw was Mr. Jones.= b) The man who I saw was Mr. Jones.= c) The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.= d) The man I saw was Mr. Jones.

‘WHO “ is usually used instead of WHOM, especially in speaking. WHOM is generally used only in very formal English. Whereas WHO is used in informal English.WHO (WHOM ) = used for people.The headmaster is in. The students want to see him.= The headmaster whom the students want to see is in. ( Formal English ).

Informal English := The headmaster who the students want to see is in.= The headmaster that the students want to see is in.= The headmaster the students want to see is in.“Whom “ is possible instead of who ( for people ) when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.e.g :1. The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. ( I wanted to see him ).You can also use whom with a preposition ( to/from/with whom, etc )e.g :1. The girl with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks. ( he fell in love with her ).

But, we don’t often use “ whom “. In spoken English, we normally prefer who or that ( or you can leave them out ).e.g :1. The man ( who / that ) I wanted to see....2. The girl ( who / that ) he fell in love with.....

B). She is the woman. I told you about her.= a). She is the woman about whom I told you.= b). She is the woman who I told you about.= c). She is the woman whom I told you about.= d). She is the woman that I told you about.= e). She is the woman I told you about.

In very formal English, the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, as in (a) . Usually, however, in every day usage, the preposition comes after the subject and verb of the adjective clause, as in the other examples.

31

If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, only whom may be used. A preposition is never immediately followed by that or who.

3. As possessive, relative pronoun : whoseWhose and who’s have the same pronounciation, but NOT the same meaning.Example :a).Mr. Hasan went to Australia.Mr. Hasan’s house is on Jln. Majapahit.= Mr. Hasan whose house is on Jln. Majapahit went to Australia.b). I know the man. His bicycle was stolen.= I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.c).The student writes well. I read her composition.= The student whose composition I read writes well.d).Mr. Catt has a painting. Its value is inestimable.= Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable.

Whose is used to show possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as adjectives : his, her, its, their, her, our, your, and my. Like possessive adjectives above, whose is connected to a noun.

e.g : his bicycle whose bicycle her composition whose composition

Both whose and the noun it is connected to are placed at the beginning of the adjective clause. Whose can not be omitted.Whose usually modifies “ people “, but it may also be used to modify “ things “, as in example (d).

II. Use for things :I. As subject, relative pronouns : which, that.Example :The book is mine. It is on the table.= a) The book which is on the table is mine.= b) The book that is on the table is mine.

2. As object, relative pronouns : which, that , -Example :A).The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it last night.= a) The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good.= b) The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good.= c) The movie we saw last night wasn’t very good.

B). The music was good. We listened to it last night.

32

= a). The music to which we listened last night was good.= b). The music which we listened to last night was good.= c). The music that we listened to last night was good.= d). The music we listened to last night was good.

In very formal English, the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, as in (a) . Usually, however, in every day usage, the preposition comes after the subject and verb of the adjective clause, as in the other examples.If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, only which may be used. A preposition is never immediately followed by that .

3. As possessive, relative pronouns : whose ; of which.Example :The dog ran away. Its tail is long.= The dog whose tail is long ran away.= The dog of which the tail is long ran away.

B. NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE.

I. For persons:1. As subject, relative pronoun : who.Example :

a).The girl looks like my sister. The girl is getting out of the car.= The girl, who is getting out of the car, looks like my sister.

b).My brother, who lives in Purwakarta, has two sons .

2. As object, relative pronoun : whom,who.Example :I met a boy. He is a Japanese.= a) The boy, whom I met , is a Japanese.= b). The boy, who I met , is a Japanese.

3. As possessive , relative pronoun : whose.Example :The man visited us last night. The man’s car is blue.= The man, whose car is blue, visited us last night.

But, in spoken English, we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. When we do this, we normally use who ( not “ whom “).e.g :

33

This is Mr. Carter, who I was telling you about.

II. For things :1. As subject, relative pronoun : which.Example :The book is on the table. The book describes prehistoric animals.= The book, which describes the pre-historic animals, is on the table.

2. As Object, relative pronoun : which.Example :Tono is reading the book. The book has a red cover.= The book, which Tono is reading, has a red cover.

But, in spoken English, we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. When we do this, we normally use “WHICH.e.g : Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I’d never been to before.

3.As possessive, relative pronoun : whose (for animals ) ; of which ( for things ).Example :a). The cat was dead. Its furs are black.= The cat, whose furs are black, was dead.

b). I have a car. Its engine is noisy.= I have a car,of which the engine is noisy.

EXERCISES :

Combine the sentences using the second sentences as an adjective clause in Defining Relative Clause !! Give all the possible patterns !

1. I saw the man. He closed the door. 2. Iam using a sentence. It contains an adjective clause. 3. The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday. 4. I liked the composition.You wrote it. 5. The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday. 6. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it. 7. The student writes well. I read her composition. 8. Mr. Catt has a painting. Its value is inestimable.

1. The book was good. I read it.2. I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.3. The meeting was interesting. I went to it.

34

4. I must thank the people. I got a present from them.5. The man is standing over there. I was telling you about him.6. The girl is a good friend of mine. I borowed her camera.7. The professor is excellent. I am taking her course.8. I live in a dormitory. Its residents come from many countries.9. I have to call the man. I accidentally picked up his umbrella

after the meeting.10. I met the woman. Her husband is the president of the

corporation.11. Mr Smith teaches a class for students. Their native

language is not English.12. I come from a country. Its history goes back thousands of

years.13. The man is very proud. His daughter is an astronaut.14. The boy wants to be a violinist. His mother is a famous

musician.15. I have a friend. Her brother is a police officer.16. I thanked the woman. I borrowed her dictionary.17. The man is famous. His picture is in the newspaper.18. The movie was interesting. We went to it.19. The man is over there. I told you about him.20. Alicia likes the family. She is living with them.21. I enjoyed the music. We listened to it after dinner.22. The blouse is made of silk. Mary is wearing it.

Relative adverbs : where, when, why.

Using WHERE.1. The building is very old. He lives there.( in that building ). a)= The building where he lives is very old. b)= The building in which he lives is very old. c) = The building which he lives in is very old. d) = The building that he lives in is very old. e) = The building he lives in is very old.

WHERE is used in ajective clause to modify a place ( city, country, room,house,etc).If WHERE is used, a preposition is not included in the adjecive clause.If WHERE is not used, the preposition must be included.

Combine the sentences using the second sentence as an adjective clause !

1. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there. ( in that city ).

35

2. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there. ( at that restaurant ).

3. The town is small. I grew up there. ( in that town ).

Using WHEN.1.I’ll never forget the day. I met you then ( on that day ). a) = I’ll never forget the day when I met you. b) = I’ll never forget the day on which I met you. c) = I’ll never forget the day that I met you. d) = I’ll never forget the day I met you.

WHEN is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time ( year, day, time, century,etc).The use of a preposition in an adjective clause that modifies a noun of time is somewhat different from that in other adjective clause. A preposition is used preceding WHICH ( like part b). Otherwise, the preposition is omitted.

Combine the sentences using the second sentence as an adjective clause !

1. Monday is the day. We will come then. ( on that day ).2. 07.05 is the time. My plane arrives then ( on that time ).3. 1960 is the year. The revolution took place then ( in that

year ).4. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest then ( in

that month ).

Using WHY.WHY replaces for which used for rea s ons .

Example : The reasons for which he came is not very convincing. = The reason why he came is not very convincing.

Complete the blanks using suitable relative pronouns or relative adverbs.

Sherlock Holmes, (1) ........ name is well- known, didn’t really exist. However, for many people (2 )........... have read his adventures, he might as well have been a real person.

The man (3).......... created Homes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, bornIn Edinburg in1809. He trained as a doctor, but found he could earn more money by writing than by practising medicine.He wrote not only stories about Holmes, but many other books (4)........... people also liked. However, it is for the detectives stories (5) .......... he wrote that he is best remembered.

36

The place (6) .......... the Holmes mysteries are set is Victorian England. Holmes, (7)....... is a brilliant detective, uses his intelligent and scientific knowledgeto solve the mysteries.

Even though Doyle wrote many Holmes mysteries, we’ll never know the reason (8) .......... he gave us so little information about Holmes’ private life.All the books were written in the first person, not by Holmes, but by his assistant. Dr. Watson, ((9).......... knowledge of his master’s private life was limited.

NOTE :A).We often use “ing “ and “ ed “ clauses after there is, there are / there was,there were etc.e.g :1. Is there anybody waiting to see me ( him, her, them, etc ) ?2. There were some children swimming in the river.3. When I arrived, there was a big red car parked outside the house.

B). USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with :Some of, many of, most of, none of, half of, both of, neither of, each of, all of, both of, several of, a few of, little of, a number of, etc.+ whom ( people )/ which ( things )/whose( possessive ).

e.g :1. Jack has three brothers. All of them are married.= Jack has three brothers, all of whom are married.

2. Ann has a lot of books. She hasn’t read most of them.= Ann has a lot of books, most of which she hasn’t read.

3.In my class there are 20 students.Most of them are from the Far East.= In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are from the Far East.

4.He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid. = He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

5.The teachers discussed Jim. One of his problems was poor study habits.

37

= The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor study habits.

The other examples :1. He tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.2. They have got three cars, two of which they never use.3. Tom has a lot of friends, many of whom he was at school with.4.Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my office.

Note : Adjective clauses that begin with an expression of quantity are more common in writing than speaking. Commas are used.

C). Relative clauses/ Adjective clauses tell us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing ) the speaker means.e.g :1. The man who lives next door is my neighbour. = The man is my neighbour. He lives next door. “The man who lives next door “ tells us which man.2.A company that makes typewriter is a new company. = A company is a new company. It makes typewriter..” A company that makes typewriter” tells us what kind of company.3. The key that she borrowed is his. = The key is his. She borrowed it.. “The keys ( that ) she borrowed ” tells us which keys.4.People who live in London are excellent persons. = People are excellent persons. They live in London. .“People who live in London” tells us what kind of people.

D). USING WHICH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE.Study these sentences below !1.a).Tom was late. b).That surprised me. c)= Tom was late, which surprised me.

2. d).The elevator is out of order. e). This is too bad. f).= The elevator is out of order, which is too bad.

Note :The pronoun that and this can refer to the idea of a whole sentence which comes before. In ( b ) : The word that refers to the whole sentence “ Tom was late “.

38

Similarly, an adjective clause with which may modify the idea of a whole sentence. In (c) : The word which refers to the whole sentence “ Tom was late “.Using which to modify a whole sentence is informal and occurs most frequently in spoken English. This structure is generally not appropriate in formal writing. Whenever it is written, however, it is preceded by a comma to reflect a pause in speech.

E).REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE :

E).REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE : INTRODUCTION.A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.

Study these sentences below !a).Adjective Clause : The girl who is sitting next to me is Mary.b). Adjective Phrase : The girl sitting next to me is Mary.

An adjective phrase is a reduction of an adjective clause. It modifies a noun. It does not contain a subject and a verb. The adjective clause in (a) can be reduced to the adjective phrase in ( b). So, (a) and (b) have the same meaning.

c). Clause : The boy who is playing the piano is Ben.d).Phrase : The boy playing the piano is Ben.e).Clause : The boy ( whom ) I saw was Tom.f). Phrase : ( none ).

Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun : who, which, or that are reduced to modifying adjective phrases. The adjective clause in (e) can not be reduced to an adjective phrase.

F). CHANGING AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE.There are two ways in which an adjective clause is changed to an adjective phrase.1.The subject pronoun is omitted AND the be form of the verb is omitted. a)1.Clause : The man who is talking to John is from Korea. Phrase : The man talking to John is from Korea. 2. Clause :The student who is sitting next to Bella is from China. Phrase : The student sitting next to Bella is from China CLAUSES HAS PASSIVE MEANING :

39

b).Clause : The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. Phrase : The ideas presented in that book are interesting. c). Clause :The crazy man who was injured in the accident was taken to hospital. Phrase : The crazy man injured in the accident was taken to hospital.d) Clause : The people who have been invited to the party can come. Phrase : The people invited to the party can come. e).Clause : The students who are invited to the party should come on time. Phrase : The students invited to the party should come on time f).Clause : The newspaper that was given to me yesterday is the Jakarta Post. Phrase : The newspaper given to me yesterday is the Jakarta Post.

Injured and invited are past participles. Many verbs have irregular past participles which do not end in –ed. For example : stolen, made, bought, written, etc.e.g :e)Clause : The money which was stolen in the robbery was never found. Phrase : The money stolen in the robbery was never found. f). Clause : Most of the goods which are made in this factory are exported. Phrase : Most of the goods made in this factory are exported. g. Clause :The office which is located on Jln. Slamet Riyadi No. 3 is BCA. Phrase : The office located on Jln. Slamet Riyadi No. 3 is BCA.h).Clause : Ann is the woman who is responsible for preparing the budget. Phrase : Ann is the woman responsible for preparing the budget.i).Clause : The books that are on that shelf are mine. Phrase : The books on that shelf are mine.j) Clause : The dictionary which i s on the table is mine. Phrase : The dictionary on the table is mine.k)Clause : The books on this shelf, which most of them are about child education, belong to my sister in – law. Phrase : The books on this shelf, about child education,belong to my sister in – law.

40

2.If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its – ing form.e).Clause : English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. Phrase : English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.f). Clause : Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. Phrase : Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.g) Clause : The taxi driver who took me to the airport is very friendly. Phrase : The taxi driver taking me to the airport is very friendly.h) Clause : The young man who gave her mother special gift is Mr. Sam. Phrase : The young man giving her mother special gift is Mr. Sam.

i)Clause : What is the name of the young lady that comes to the post ofice every morning ? Phrase : What is the name of the lady coming to the post office every morning ?If the adjective clause requires commas, the adjective phrase also requires commas.

e.g :George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, was a wealthy colonist and a general in the army.George Washington, the first president of the United States, was a wealthy colonist and a general in the army.

G). USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS.Study these sentences below !a). There is someone ( whom) I want you to meet.b). Everything ( which )he said was pure nonsense.c). Anybody (who) wants to come is welcome.

Adjective clauses can modify indefinite pronouns (e.g : someone, everybody ). Object pronouns ( e.g : whom, which ) are usually omitted in the adjective clause.

d). Paula was the only one I knew at the party.e). Scholarships are available for those who need financial assistance.

Adjective clauses can modify the one(s) and those.

f). It is I who am responsible.

41

g). He who laughs last laughs best.

Adjective clauses rarely modify personal pronouns. In (f) is very formal and uncommon. In (g) is a well – known saying in which “ he “ is used as an indefinite pronoun ( meaning “ anyone “, “ any person “ ).

An adjective clause with which can also be used to modify the pronoun that. For examples :

= The bread my mother makes is much better than that which you can buy at a store.

55. Situation : A student is talking with her advisor. Student A : “ Mrs. X, What do you think I should do about my English class ?” Should I drop it or continue with it ?” Mrs. X :” I think it would be a good idea to talk with your instructor. Try talking with her about the problems, and see what she suggests.

The answer key of Essay Test.51. a. Small insects, such as flies and mosquitoes are eaten by Spiders. b. Monkeys eat bananas, peanuts and fruits.

52. a. The student sitting next to Mary is from China. b. The boy playing the guitar is Mr. Andrew.

53. The lady giving me a special gift is Mrs. Diana.54. The student invited to the meeting should come on time.55. Asking for advice.

HAPPY WORKING

Make report texts of :1.GOLD2.HORSES / ELECTRICITY3.GIRAFFES4.CABBAGE/ CARROTS5.KANGAROO6. SNAKES7.WHALES

42

8.THE GALAXIES/ RAFLESSIA9.SPIDERS10.MANGOES11.CHILLIES12. BIRDS13.BANANAS/ KOMODOES14.LIZARDS / TELEPHONES15.LIONS16.CROCODILES17.ORANGES/ SOLAR SYSTEM18.MONKEYS19. CATS20.DOGS / CAMELS/ FISH ( ES )21.ANTS / A COMPUTER22. INSECT ANATOMY/ WORMS23.CARS/ MANGROVE TREES/ ROSES.24. AN ELEPHANT25.CHAMELEONS.26.THE SUN/ TIGERS27.THE EARTH28.THE MOON29.A BUFFALO / BUTTERFLIES30 . A COW31.FISH( ES )32.HANDPHONES

Note :1.Write down the generic structure of your text !2.Write down the source of your text !

Change into passive form !1. Sharks eat all kinds of flesh.= All kinds of flesh are eaten by sharks.2.Sharks prefer tuna, mackerel and even smaller sharks for dinner, but they will eat swimmers if the conditions are right.=Tuna, mackerel and even smaller sharks are prefered by sharks, but swimmers will be eaten by them if the conditions are right.

3.Sharks have very sharp senses of vision, hearing, and smell to help them find food.= Very sharp senses of vision, hearing, and smell are had by sharks to help them find food.

43

4. Sharks can see seven times better than human and can hear sounds over two miles away.= Sharks can see seven times better than human and sounds can be heard by them over two miles away.

Present Future Tense :Active sentence : S + Present Modal auxiliaries ( will, can , shall, may, must ) + V1.Passive sentence : To be + V3== S ( from Object ) + be + V3

Will = be going toCan = be able toMust = have to

e.g :Active : The cat is going to catch the mouse.Passive : The mouse is going to be caught by the cat.

Active : Isn’t the cat going to catch the mouse ?Passive : Isn’t the mouse going to be caught by the cat ?

Active : The students are able to do the tests.Passive : The tests are able to be done by the students.

Active : The students have to learn their lessons well.Passive : Their lessons have to be well learned by the students.

Active : The students must able to get excellent marks in their study.Passive : Excellent marks must be able to be got ( gotten ) in their study by the students.

5. About two – thirds of a shark’s brain is used for smell, so if there is even a tiny amount of blood in the water, a shark will smell it, even if it is almost a mile away .Active := A shark uses its brain about two thirds for smell, so if there is even a tiny amount of blood in the water, the blood will be smelled by a shark, even if it is almost a mile away. = Passive.

6.Instead of bones, sharks have something called cartilage.

44

Passive = Instead of bones, something is had by sharks called cartilage.

7.Cartilage is flexible, allowing sharks to bend so their heads can reach their tails.Adjective Clause := Cartilage is flexible, which allows sharks to bend so their heads can reach their tails.Adjective Phrase := Cartilage is flexible, allowing sharks to bend so their tails can be reached by their heads.

9.The cartilage also allows sharks to turn very quickly.Passive = Sharks are also allowed by the cartilage to turn very quickly.

10.All the cartilage makes sharks better hunters.Passive = Sharks are made better hunters by all the cartilage.

11. Humans have cartilage too, but only in places like our ears and noses.Passive =Cartilage is had by humans too, but only in places like our ears and noses.

Linking Verbs : seems, looks, appears,etc. These verbs can not be made into Passive.E.g :It seems that you are happy.It looks that you are tired.It appears that you are sleepy.

SPEAKING / GAMBIT FROM LOOK AHEAD :1.Expressing Surprise :Wisnu : Have you heard that there is a girl from our school who joins “ X Factor “ audition ?Restu : Can I know who she is ?Wisnu : She is Hana.Restu : Are you serious ? You must be kidding. Because she is together with me now.

2.Expressing WARNING.

45

A teacher : Be careful on the road. I know that you will go home. The road

is very crowded.The students : Thank you very much.A teacher : Not at all.

3.EXPRESSSING ADVISING.

D. GRAMMAR1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE. Form : Subject + V1For third person :singular = S + V +s/es.Simple present tense is used to express special meanings related with activity, happening , or condition.= ( digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sejumlah makna khusus yang berkaitan dengan ciri atau aspek suatu perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan).

According to the meaning or the definition above, so Simple Present Tense is devided into : FACTUAL PRESENT, NEUTRAL PRESENT, HABITUAL PRESENT AND FUTURE PRESENT. Here, we are going to discuss only three, they are : Factual Present Neutral Present and Habitual Present .

A. FACTUAL PRESENT : To express about the facts which happen now or at the moment of speaking.(= yakni bentuk Simple Present Tense yang mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan, kejadian atau keaadaan yang merupakan suatu Verb adalah suatu Fakta yang terjadi sekarang, yakni saat kita berkomunikasi ).

Adverbial of time which is used in this tense are : now, at the moment, at present, today, for the time being (= untuk sementara waktu ). Or in another word Simple Present Tense is used to express condition in the present time.For example :- Iam hungry. - It is very hot today.Verbs which are used in this tense are verbs which are not common used in Present Continuous Tense, such as : Linking Be, See, Hear, Want, Like, Hate, Love, Know, Understand, Remember, Notice, etc.

For example : 1. We are well today.

46

2. One of our friends is seriously ill now.3. The teacher knows English very well.4. My sister likes poetry.5. All of us understand it now.

B. NEUTRAL PRESENT : is used to talk about things in general.( General Truth ).(= mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan yang merupakan makna suatu Verb adalah suatu hal yang umum,yakni yang tidak terikat oleh waktu dan tempat tertentu ).For examples : 1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2. A horse has four legs. 3. Flowers look beautiful.4. Birds fly.5. There are seven days in a week. 6. The earth goes around the sun.7.Whales are mammals.8.The blue whale is the largest animal ever known.9. Spiders belong to arachnids.10. A komodo looks like a dragon.11. A spider has eight legs.12.Deer feed on young leaves.13. Rabbits burrow in the ground.14. Bees suck honey from flowers.15. Birds perch on trees.

C. HABITUAL PRESENT : is used to express habitual activities.(= mengungkapkan bahwa perbuatan, kejadian atau keadaan yang merupakan makna suatu Verb adalah suatu hal yang berulang secara teratur.Adverbial of frequency which are used in this tense ( in habitual present ) such as : always, often, sometimes, frequently, usually, now and then (= kadang- kadang ), occasionally, rarely, seldom, never, everyday, on Sundays, twice a week, once a month, etc.

For examples :1. He gets up very early every morning.2. The students always come on time.3. We rarely go to the movies.4. She usually has breakfast at 6.30.5. My friends often mention his name.2.PASSIVE VOICE OF PRESENT TENSE :

47

To be ( am/is/are ) + V3 ( past participle ).

Change these sentences below into passive forms!1.Orchids have hard leaves.2. Some orchids have fiber roots, strong and flexible branches.3. Monkeys eat bananas, peanuts and fruits.4. Giraffes have long necks and horns.5. The female mosquito bites a person or animal in order to get some blood.6. Spiders eat small insects, such as flies and mosquitoes.7. People eat Kiwi fruit fresh, frozen or canned.8. People also use Kiwi fruit to make fruit salads, pies, ice cream, and wine.

3).REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE OF PRESENT TENSE : INTRODUCTION.A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.Study these sentences below !a).Adjective Clause :1. The girl who sits next to me is Mary.2. The girl that sits next to me is Mary.3. The girl who is sitting next to me is Mary.4. The girl that is sitting next to me is Mary.

b).= 5. Adjective Phrase : The girl sitting next to me is Mary.

1.If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its – ing form.a).Clause : English has an alphabet ( which )that consists of 26 letters. Phrase : English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.b).Clause : Anyone who ( that ) wants to come with us is welcome. Phrase : Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.c). Clause : What is the name of the young lady ( who ) that come s to the post office every morning ? Phrase : What is the name of the lady coming to the post office every

48

morning ?

2.CLAUSES HAS PASSIVE MEANING :a).Clause : The ideas which( that ) are presented in that book are interesting. Phrase : The ideas presented in that book are interesting.b).Clause : The students who( that ) are invited to the party should come on time. Phrase : The students invited to the party should come on time

c). Clause : Most of the goods which( that ) are made in this factory are exported. Phrase : Most of the goods made in this factory are exported.

C. SPEAKING.1. ADVISING/ GIVING SUGGESTION.Study the following dialogs. Underline the expressions of asking for and offering suggestions. Then, write the expresions in the table below !

1. Situation : A student is talking with her advisor.Student : Mrs. Wilson, what do you think I should do about my chemistry class ? Should I drop it or continue with it ?Mrs. Wilson : I think it would be a good idea to talk with your instructor. Try talking with her about the problems, and see what she suggests.Student : What if she says I should continue with the class ?Mrs. Wilson : Then follow her advice. She doesn’t want to fail you.

ASKING FOR ADVICE

OFFERING ADVICE

Study the following expressions :1.ASKING FOR ADVICE / SUGGESTION :

Do you think I ought to call the police ? What do you think I should buy him for his birthday ?

49

Do you have any ideas about how I can warn that man not to be cruel ?

Should I try to talk with him about this matter again ? If you were me, what would you tell her ? If you were in my situation, would you forgive her ? Do you have any advice for me ? Can you give me some advice ? Do you have any recommendations about a good place in

Jakarta ? Can you recommmend a suitable drink for dinner ?

II. OFFERING ADVICE : I think you’d better start looking for a new job. If I were you, I ‘d stop gossipping her. It would probably be a good idea to send this mail by express

mail. Why don’t you try calling her tomorrow morning ? How about taking the bus instead of driving ? Try ignoring her for a while. I’d say that you’d better quit the team now. I advise you to talk with your teacher. My advice is to be careful doing business with them. I suggest that we go our for lunch this afternoon. Let me suggest that we buy new clothes. I recommend that you cancel your appointment. My recommendation is that we begin our new program in

August.

Questions :1. Take a piece of paper.2. Write on the paper about a problem you have now.3. Exchange your paper with another student next to you.4. Now, each student writes a suggestion/ advice / recommendation of your friend’s problem on another piece of paper.5. Use the expressions of offering suggestion / advice / recommendation you have learned.6. Return the paper to your partner.7. In pairs, make a short dialog. Your partner will answer based on the suggestion / advice / recommendation written on your paper.

2.EXPRESSING WARNING.When we are going to give warnings to other people, we can use these expressions :

50

I have to warn you that........ It is advisable that you...... You must not break the rules. I warn you not to..... Don’t do that ! I highly recommend you not to...... Please don’t disturb ! Watch out . The train is coming. Beware of fierce dog. Be careful ! Take good care of yourself ! Silence. Examination is in progress. Keep off the grass. No smoking. No exit. No parking Please queue other side !

Informative notices :OUT OF ORDER : ( for a machine that is not working ).NO VACANCIES : (There are no more rooms to rent in a hotel, there are no jobs in an office ).SOLD OUT : ( The tickets are sold out ).

Example :Read the dialog :Bisma : Have you ever tried smoking, Claudia ?Claudia : Honestly, yes, I have. It was out of curiosity, but then led to a habit. I regretted doing it, though.Bisma : May I know the reason why ?Claudia : My aunt was a heavy smoker. She has a cancer. The doctor said that it resulted from her smoking habitBisma : Oh, I’m sorry.Claudia : Then she warned me about the dangers of smoking. She stopped smoking, too, of course. By the way, do you smoke ? If you do, it is advisable that you stop smoking.Bisma : Fortunately, I don’t smoke. I hope that I’ll never give into the temptation of smoking.Claudia : You’d better not.

EXERCISE :

51

In pairs, create a similar dialog using expressions of warning. Then, act it out in front of the class. Ask the other students to give comments on the dialog you have made.

3.EXPRESSING PERMISSION.Study the following expressions :a).ASKING PERMISSION :

Can I close the window, please ? May I closr the door, please ? Do you mind if I eat here ? Please let me use your motorcyle. Would you mind if I went with her ? May I have your permission to meet your daughter ?

b).GIVING PERMISSION. Sure, go ahead. It’s okay with me. No, I don’t mind. Why not ? You have my permission. I won’t stop you. Certainly.

c).DENYING PERMISSION. No, you may not. You can’t. I don’t think so. I will not permit you to..... I absolutely forbit you. Yes, I do mind.

Example :Read this dialog :Situation : Jimmy is asking his father’s permission to go to the movies.

Jimmy : Dad, can I go to the movies with Tom and the guys tonight ?Daddy : No, you may not. You’ve been twice to the movies this week.Jimmy : Please, dad. Please let me go. Tonight is the last night. I’ll do anything you want me to.Daddy : Will you clean the garage this afternoon before you go ?Jimmy : Uhmmm.......Okay, deal.Daddy : Deal. You can go with your friends, but don’t be too late.Jimmy : I won’t, dad and thanks. You’re the best.

52

Questions :1.What is the topic of the dialog above ?2. Why didn’t Daddy give Jimmy permission in the first place ?3. Did he give permission ? What did he say ?4. What was Jimmy’s reaction ? What did he say ?

Exercises :Create a dialog based on the following situation by using the expressions of : permission.“A student has to go to school by motorcycle the next day, but her motorcycle is broken. Her neighbour’s motorcyle is in good condition, so he wants to borrow it “.

IV. ADVERBS. Words that modify verbs are called adverbs. For example : She runs quickly. The word “ quickly “ explains the way how she runs. Most adverbs are formed by adding “ ly “ to an adjective. e.g : slow slowly quick quickly calm calmly

The normal position of adverb is Manner, Place and Time ( MPT ).e.g :1. She studies hard in her room every night.( MPT ).2. The grasshopper sings joyfully in the forest every the harvest season.

But the position may change into Place, Manner and Time ( PMT ) when there are verbs such as : go , reach , leave , arrive , come , return , get , walk , run, etc.e.g :1. She arrives home early every day.( PMT ).2. George and William come to school late everday.3. Does Alex go to school early every morning ?4. Joseph doesn’t reach home quickly after school.5. Doesn’t Rudolf leave the mosque slowly after doing Asyar prayer ? 6. Solomon returns to her house slowly every day.7. Muqtada gets home slowly every day.8. Vanessa walks to the store calmly every week.9. Mumun runs away fast every Sunday morning.

53

Adverbs of manner, such as : well, quickly, early, badly, hard, warmly, calmly,slowly, late, etc.Adverb of place, such as : at home , in front of her house , at the foot of the hill , there , here , at the station , inside the house , at the bottom of the sea , behind the garden.Adverb of time , such as : yesterday , in the morning , in the evening , last night , two days ago , during the daylight, in the early spring , in October , in the year of 2004, ( Present Tense : every...., once a month, twice a year ).The usage of Adverb of manner in passive form of Simple Present Tense.

1. Active : Juang has breakfast calmly at his house every morning. Passive : Breakfast is calmly had by Juang at his house every morning.

2. Active : Does Barkah speak English well at school every English lesson ?Passive :Is English well spoken by Barkah at school every English lesson ?

COMPOUND SENTENCES ( kalimat majemuk setara ): and, but, or, either....or ....,neither....nor.... , not only.......but also, Both......andExamples :1. He is waving his arms and shouting at us.2. These shoes are old but comfortable.3. He wants to watch TV or listen to some music. 4. The students will take either chemistry or physics next quarter.5. Either the students or the teachers have high spirit to study.6. Either the students or Mrs. Y has good spirit to develop their subjects.7. That book is neither interesting nor accurate.8. Neither the boys nor the girls wear OSIS uniforms today.9. Neither the teachers nor Juang is late.6. Not only my sister but also my parents are in Solo.7. Both my mother and my sister are in Solo.

Source :1.”English Zone”, for Senior High School Students ; Year : XI, published by Erlangga.2.”Look Ahead”, for Senior High School Students; Year : XI, published by Erlangga.3.”English Text in Use “ , for Senior High School Students; Year : X, published by Aneka Ilmu.4. And the other English books.

54

Created and Compiled by :Mrs. Endang Rokhimaningsih Sunartoyo

NIP : 19640318 198803 2 005

55

2013 - report test from erlangga-xi - sem1-.doc

Documents