09. nirkabel - rfid

8/12/2019 09. Nirkabel - RFID

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Jaringan Bergerak dan Nirkabel

Introduction to RFID

Dr. I Wayan Mustika, ST., M.Eng.

Jurusan Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi

FT UGM


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Outline

What is RFID?

RFID: Applications

RFID System Components

Reader-Tag Coupling


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What is RFID?What is RFID?

RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification

Identification system that consists of chip-based tags and

readers

Reader queries using RF, ID sends its ID using RF Competes with Bar Code, Magnetic stripes, Magnetic Ink

Character Recognition (MICR) on Bank Checks

Bar Code


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RFID v.s. Bar Code

Deliberate scan vs. automatic scan

Human bar code scanners error

You might be entering 3 t-shirts on the keypad instead ofscanning the three items

Line of sight vs. random orientation makes for faster processing, can read through conveyance

walls, is weather resistant

A unique item identifier for every item on earth

Other capabilities: location information

(write many read many)


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RFID advantages over bar-codes

No line of sight required for reading

Multiple items can be read with a single scan

Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)

Individual items identified and not just the category Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime

Active tags can be read from great distances

Can be combined with barcode technology


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Many Forms of RFID


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Smart labels:

EPC (Electronic Product Code) tagsBarcode EPC tag

Line-of-sight Radio contact

Specifies object type Uniquely specifies object

Fast, automated

scanning

Provides pointer

to database entry

for every object,i.e., unique,

detailed history


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2030: Week in the life of a milk carton

30 April: RFID-tagged cow

Bessie

produces milk

30 April: Milk transferred to RFID-tagged tank Cow identity and milking time recorded in tank-tag database

1 May: RFID portal on truck records loading of refrigeration tanks (Truck also has active RFID (+GPS) to track geographical location and RFID

transponder to pay tolls)

2 May: Chemical-treatment record written to database record for milk barrel Bessie s herd recorded to have consumed bitter grass; compensatory sugars added

3 May: Milk packaged in RFID-tagged carton; milk pedigree recorded indatabase associated with carton tag

4 May: RFID portal at supermarket loading dock records arrival of carton

5 May: Smart shelf records arrival of carton in customer area

5 May 0930h: Smart shelf records removal of milk 5 May 0953h: Point-of-sale terminal records sale of milk (to Alice)


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6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alice s smart home

6 May 1103h: Alice s refrigerator records arrival of milk

6 May 1405h: Alice s refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks updatabase-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light

pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726

6 May 1807h: Alicessmart

home warns domestic robot that milk has been

left out of refrigerator for more than four hours

6 May 1809h: Alice s refrigerator records replacement of milk

7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refillsbaby bottle


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6 May 0953h: Supermarket transfers tag ownership to Alice s smart home

6 May 1103h: Alice

s refrigerator records arrival of milk 6 May 1405h: Alice s refrigerator records removal of milk; refrigerator looks up

database-recorded pedigree and displays: Woodstock, Vermont, Grade A, light

pasturization, artisanal, USDA organic, breed: Jersey, genetic design #81726

6 May 1807h: Alice s smart home warns domestic robot that milk has beenleft out of refrigerator for more than four hours

6 May 1809h: Alice s refrigerator records replacement of milk

7 May 0530h: Domestic robot uses RFID tag to locate milk in refrigerator; refillsbaby bottle

7 May 2357h: Recycling center scans RFID tag on carton; directs carton topaper-brick recycling substation

7 May 0531h: Robot discards carton; Smart refrigerator notes absence of

milk; transfers order to Alice s PDA/phone/portable server grocery list


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RFID: Applications

Manufacturing and Processing Inventory and production process monitoring

Warehouse order fulfillment

Supply Chain Management

Inventory tracking systems Logistics management

Retail Inventory control and customer insight

Auto checkout with reverse logistics

Security

Access control Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention

Location Tracking Traffic movement control and parking management

Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking


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RFID: Applications

Anti-Theft

Keyless entry

Automobile ignition keys

Automotive anti-theftImmobilization

f


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Electronic Product Code (EPC)

Proximity cards

Crate #123

(jet engines)


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Smart groceries

Add an RFID tag to all

items in the grocery.

As the cart leaves the

store, it passes throughan RFID transceiver.

The cart is rung up in

seconds.


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Smart fridge

Recognizes what s been put in it

Recognizes when things are removed

Creates automatic shopping lists

Notifies you when things are past their expiration


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Smart groceries enhanced

Track products through their

entire lifetime.


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Animal tracking

Not Really Mad

Livestock

HousepetsThe cat came back,

the very next day


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People tracking

Schools

Amusement parks

Hospitals In the same vein: mobile phones with GPS


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Privacy Issues


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RFID System


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RFID System Components

www.barcoding.com

www.datasoft.sewww.eff.org

www.kennedygrp.com

www.forrester.com

TAGS READER MIDDLEWARE


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RFID Tags

RFID tag is an electronic device that can store and

transmit data to a reader in a contactless manner using

radio waves

Tags can be attached to almost anything:

Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods

vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel

74AB8

5F8KJ3

Evian bottle

#949837428


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Passive Tags

No onboard power, powered by incoming RF.

Activated in presence of the readers radio waves.

Smaller in size, cheaper, long-life.

Approx range 5m.

Harsh Environment

Active tags

Onboard Power Supply: battery

More reliable reading.

Can be read 100 ft away.

Other items processors, i/o ports

Larger in size

Comparatively expensive


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RFID Tag Properties

RFID Frequency Types

Low Frequency

High Frequency

Ultra High Frequency

Microware Frequency

Each frequency has different characteristics

Operating Distance

Material Affinity etc.


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Materials LF HF UHF Microwave

Clothing Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly

Paper Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly

Metals Friendly Friendly Opaque Opaque

Graphite Friendly Friendly Opaque Opaque

Plastic Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly

Oil Friendly Friendly Friendly Friendly

Water Friendly Friendly Absorbent Absorbent

Other

Liquids

Friendly Friendly Absorbent Absorbent


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RFID Reader

RFID Reader is also called

an Interrogator

It is a device that can read

and write data to the RFIDtags

Serial Readers

Directly hook on the

computers serial port using

RS232 or RS485 Communication link is

reliable than network readers

Network Readers Connected via wire or

wireless network

Remote updates possible Communication link can

become a bottleneck


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Inside RFID Reader

915MHz

Radio

Network

Processor

Digital Signal

Processor

(DSP)

13.56MHz

Radio

Power

Supply

ComponentsTransmitter &

Receiver

Microprocessor

Memory

IO ChannelsCommunication

Interface

Power supply


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Reader functions:

Remotely power tags

Establish a bidirectional data link

Inventory tags, filter results

Communicate with networked server(s)

Can read 100-300 tags per second

Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed

point such as

Entrance/exit Point of sale

Readers can also be mobile/hand-held


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Reader-Tag Coupling

Passive tags have capacitor to store energy for replying

(TDD)

Can respond on another frequency while reader is still

transmitting (FDD)

Near-Field = Within a few wavelength

Far-field = Beyond a few wavelengths

Low-Frequency (large ) system operate in near-field

High-Frequency and UHF system operate in far-field


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Inductive Coupling: In near-field

Both Antennas are coils (like

transformers)

Reader sends a AM/FM/PM

modulated wave

Tag responds by varying its

load on the reader

NN

SS

TAG

Reader

Inductive CouplingInductive Coupling


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Back Scatter: In far-field

Reflecting the energy back.

Tag changes its reflection to

respond.

Reader

TAG

BackscatterBackscatter


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Technical Details: Low Frequency


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Technical Details: High Frequency


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RFID Printer

Readers are also classified as

stationery and handheld.

RFID Printeris a type of stationery

reader which prints smart label.

A smart label consists of a barcode and

a RFID tag.

Information such as sender, recipient

addresses, product information etc can

be printed

Step towards RFID adoption


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RFID Range

Reading range depends upon the transmitted power,

antenna gains, frequency, reader receiver sensitivity.

Affected by the environment: Metal objects (aluminum foil),

Water (Wetness, salt water)


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Middleware

Each reader manufacturer

Commercial middleware

Open source middleware work at UofA

Database

Store attributes related to the serial

Number of the RFID tag

Examples

What is it? Who made it?

Who bought it?

Where has it been?


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09. nirkabel - rfid

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